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Bilingual Children, 2007.
An analysis of the challenges facing special education teachers when teaching at-risk bilingual children.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This research paper analyzes the specific challenges educators face when teaching bilingual children with special education needs. Specifically, it attempts to address whether early intervention for at-risk bilingual children with disabilities and other handicaps or other specific tools and academic strategies will improve learning outcomes. The paper also provides statistics on the unique challenges educators must address when working with special education bilingual students.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Problem Statement
Background
Preliminary Literature Review
Methods
Theoretical Framework & Data Collection
From the Paper
"Amato & Baca (1989) note that throughout history bilingual education has shifted multiple times, from "nonbiased native-language assessments" to specific services directly related to a student's special needs and bilingual ability (168). Many consider the field of bilingual special education one that is emerging and growing. Baca & Cervantes (1989) note a need for a bilingual special education "interface" exists that incorporates training for special education students and teachers (168). Amato & Baca (1989) observe that certain teacher competencies are clearly necessary for bilingual special education teachers, competencies that must be more clearly defined. Neuman & Roskos (1997) and other researchers including Gonzalez-Bueno (2003) suggest promoting literacy among bilingual special education students should be a primary concern for educators. They suggest use of a bilingual alphabet will help facilitate this process."
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Alaskan Language Project, 2007.
A research proposal to study and preserve the Yupik language of the Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska.
1,307 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that the continuance and historical understanding of the remaining approximate 200 tribal languages in Alaska is a significant cultural and educational concern for the American Indian and Alaska Native societies. The paper looks at the Yupik language in order to determine how to study and preserve it. The paper presents a research proposal to contrast and compare Yupik tales to other tales from the Native-Americans, the Anglo-Europeans, Africans and the Asians. This would allow an examination of the differences and similarities between cultures.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Research Proposal
From the Paper
"Languages have subtle nuances that cannot be translated. They embody the philosophy of a people. This information is gone when its language disappears. Linguists now believe that half the languages spoken today will disappear within the next century. This is true for some Yupik Eskimo communities in Alaska, where just 20 years ago all of the children spoke Yupik. Now, the youngest speakers of Yupik in some of these communities are in their 20s, and the children speak only English (Robins; Alaskan Native Language Center)."
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African Novels, 2007.
An analysis of the debate over which language should be used to write a book about an African country or experience.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the debate over whether African authors should write their original books in their native language when relating the African experience. It discusses whether this adds to the experience of the book and if writing it in English causes it to lose its cultural identity. The paper specifically looks at the debate from the points of view of Kenyon author Ngugi Wa Thiongo'o and his Nigerian contemporary Chinua Achebe.
From the Paper
"Sullivan (81) concludes her article on the language debate between such authors as Ngugi and Achebe and whether or not books should be written in the native language or that of the colonist by looking at the way the world is changing today and in the near future. First, she states that monolingualism has never been as usual in Africa as it is in Europe. Thus, Africa may best serve its own interests by giving people the opportunity to develop the personal language portfolios they will anyway continue to acquire. Multilingualism can be seen as a potential strength, not a divisive factor. English only one of the many languages in which Nigerians choose to express themselves."
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Whorfian Hypothesis, 2007.
An analysis of the relevance of the Whorfian Hypothesis (WH) to language learning.
3,802 words (approx. 15.2 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance of the Whorfian Hypothesis (WH) - also referred to as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis - to language learning, in particular for the person who learned (or is learning) English as a second language. It looks at how there are conflicting views on the meaning of and application of WH - and on the value of this hypothesis about language. It reviews the available literature on the subject and offers value judgments on the significance of WH in various applications and learning environments.
From the Paper
"The operating hypothesis put forward was that a movie created entirely by this group might reveal "aspects of cognition and values that may be inhibited, not observable, or not analyzable" when the process of investigation relies on "verbal exchange" conducted in the language of the investigator. Moreover, producing film images then sequencing those images by editing, cutting and pasting, just might help researchers understand better the WH. Another operating theory here is that by treating the visual as though it were a language, and then following up by comparing the two "linguistic structures" (visual and verbal) - believing that both make statements about cognition and culture "across two modes" - may provide a context in which the Whorfian manner comes clearer into focus. "
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"Bilingual/Bilingue", 2007.
This paper studies the poem "Bilingual/Bilingue" by Rhina Espaillat.
1,968 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that "Bilingual/Bilingue" by Rhina Espaillat is a depiction of a girl growing up in a Spanish speaking household in the United States. The writer notes that through excellent language choices and the successful use of literary devices, Espaillat captures the difficulties of living in an English speaking country while coming from a Spanish speaking home. The writer describes that "Bilingual/Bilingue" is a personal account of the realities of bilingualism, and shows how it is possible to overcome language and cultural barriers to learn a second language. The writer concludes that real life examples and the girl in "Bilingual/Bilingue" both show that the original language remains a part of one's culture and identity and that language barriers are an obstacle, but not a permanent one.
From the Paper
"It is out of this fear that he resists English in the household, but his daughter, who studies English extensively in and outside of the house on her own, comes to become more than proficient in English. She realizes what her father does not, that language is not a divisive force, and that she can express herself fully in English, her second language. Thus Espaillat is writing on the success people can achieve in learning and living in the United States as a bilingual individual. Language will not divide her from her father, and she can become a successful English poet growing up in a Spanish household. The cultural and linguistic challenges she faced she was able to overcome."
"Espaillat's perspective on the issue of bilingualism individually and as a society is backed up by both empirical and qualitative research. In fact, although Espaillat's childhood experience was many years ago in the 1930s, issues she faced and issues she overcame are relevant to this day. For instance, a 2007 study on bilingual Latino and Latina adolescents evaluated the role of the Spanish language and bilingualism for both gifted and non-gifted students. This study found that for these bilingual students, regardless of level of academic achievement, that Spanish was their native language."
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John F. Kennedy's Inaugural Address, 2007.
A speech analysis of John F. Kennedy's January 20, 1961 inaugural address.
1,928 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John F. Kennedy's inaugural address given on January 20, 1961. It discusses the style of the speech, particularly his effective use of oratory and rhetorical techniques. It looks at the way in which his language and also his unique voice and persona caused the words to remain in the listeners' mind. The paper also discusses Kennedy's body language and attire while delivering his speech. It combines all of these aspects to describe the success of his presentation.
From the Paper
"What is most striking about the speech is how much it asks of its listeners. It is easy to listen to, because of its effective use of oratory and rhetorical techniques, like rhetorical questions, parallel sentence structure, and intense, physical images that paint a picture for the listener. This is especially important in an age before television was common in all households, to satisfy listeners far away as well as the immediate, watching audience of the speech in front of the Capital. Yet the speech also demands that young Americans press themselves to answer the call to liberty, to pick up the set-down torch of the previous generation, and bear the burden of giving back to their nation. The effectiveness of the speech was sufficient that Americans listened with pleasure not simply to the image of themselves they wanted to have of peaceful and freedom-loving people, but that they were also inspired to exceed their own comfort zones and the expectations they had for their future."
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Linguistics and Free Word Order, 2007.
A review of recent literature related to 'free word order' or 'scrambling' in Asian languages such as Japanese and Korean.
4,568 words (approx. 18.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
This work reviews historical and recent literature related to 'free word order' languages, or those, which use 'scrambling' in sentence structure. These terms relate specifically to the placement of nouns and verbs within a sentence. The social theory of language acquisition is reviewed as well as cultural influences on language acquisition specifically related to 'free word order' language structure. Word order in various languages is examined and recent studies are reviewed.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Socio-Cultural Formation of Speech and Language
Previous Study in Language Acquisition
Differentiation between 'verb salient' and 'noun salient' Languages
Word Order in the Various Languages
Non-Configurationality in Languages
Computer-generated Processing of Languages
Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
" 'Free word order' languages are those in which the structure of a sentence is constructed loosely in relation to the placement of nouns and verbs. The writer notes in the research process that there are many and various explanations and theories surrounding the structure or lack of structure in the free word order languages. Grammatical encoding has never been quite as relevant as in the present as computer-generated language translation is in use frequently in the lives of many. Communication barriers presented are evident in the confused communications and specifically between languages such as the English language with its formally structured sentence use of nouns and verbs and the languages of Korean and Japanese both 'free word order' languages.. "
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Theory of Grammaticalization, 2007.
A discussion of the theory of grammaticalization as it is defined within current linguistic literature.
3,452 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This academic paper examines contemporary linguistic theory, with a focus on grammaticalization in the development of language. This analysis is made for both language form and in acquisition by individuals. The author challenges the idea that language is structural. The paper addresses this issue by evaluating ideas that view grammaticalization as an epiphenomenon of language.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Epiphenomenon
Grammaticalization Defined
Grammaticalization as Epiphenominon
Works Cited
From the Paper
"In a sense the epiphenomenon of grammaticalization, as many would claim is the psychological response to the neurologically fixed brain functioning that creates workable mental shortcuts through the utilization of commonly occurring rules that are unique to individual languages and to some extent people. The brain functions to save the individual undue work in forming language, when common rules are oft repeated and in so doing, as the theory goes it leaves the individual capable of the creation of language in an easy almost non-thinking manner. (Anderson, and Lightfoot 162) Yet, when an individual attempts, once these shortcuts have been set, to learn a unique language, a variation of ones own language, say modern English as compared to Middle English or even the English spoken in another country in the present world, he or she is stymied by these shortcuts as they would need to be eradicated or altered (which theory claims is difficult if not impossible to do) to think in and become fluent in another language. (Healy 3)"
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English-Language Learner, 2007.
An analysis of the effects that a lack of primary English language skills has on the students in primary and secondary grades in the United States.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the situation in the United States for English-language learner (ELL) and English as a second language (ESL) students. It particularly describes the effects of a lack of primary English language skills on the students in primary and secondary grades. It also discusses the effects of these students receiving much of their instruction from content-area teachers or para-educators. The paper offers brief recommendations to improve the situation for ESL and ELL students.
From the Paper
"As a result of those policies and practices, many ELLs receive much of their instruction from content-area teachers or para-educators who have not had appropriate preparation or professional development to address their second-language development needs or to make content instruction comprehensible. This situation hinders their academic success. Not only do teachers need more preparation to work with ELLs but they also need to know the type of instruction that is most effective for these students, a population whose growing numbers requires that educators take a serious look at their instructional programs. Therefore, it is evident that the best course of action is preparation. With proper preparation and understanding, teachers will be better suited to aid ELLs/ESL's. (Echevarria, Short & Powers, 2006)"
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Speech Language Pathology, 2007.
This paper explores the education and employment of speech language pathologists.
1,248 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper researches and examines the qualifications necessary for the career of the speech language pathologist. The paper looks at the educational requirements, colleges that offer preparation for this career and the costs of attending a college or university. The paper also discusses the employment outlook, earnings, the nature of the work, the working conditions and the typical day of a speech-language pathologist.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Educational Requirements
Colleges Offering Courses for Speech Language Pathology
Costs of Attending College or University
Employment Outlook
Earnings
Nature of the Work in Speech Pathology Field
Working Conditions in Speech Pathology Career
Typical Day Informational Interview
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The speech-language pathologist is one who treats individuals with "speech, language, voice and fluency disorders" (U.S. Department of Labor, 1997) Specifically the speech-language pathologists treats those who are unable to make sounds of speech or who cannot make those sounds clearly as well as those with problems in speech rhythm and fluency. One example of this is stuttering. Direct clinical services are provided by the speech-language pathologist to individuals who have communication disorders."
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Do Apes Speak?, 2007.
An in-depth examination of the speech and comprehension present in apes.
5,036 words (approx. 20.1 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
The paper provides an extensive literature review on the topic of communication among apes and discusses how it seems clear that apes can acquire some form of language and communicate with humans. The paper reveals that there is also evidence that apes may have a form of language of their own by which they communicate with each other. The paper discovers that apes would not normally acquire such capabilities on their own, but they can be trained to use language and respond to its meaning.
Outline:
Introduction
Review of Literature
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Research has been conducted for a long time on questions about the origin of language and how human beings first learned to speak. More recently, research has shifted to various primate studies as to whether or not other primates have what can be considered a language and in some cases whether apes can be taught to understand language and even to speak. Some of the early experiments in this area were seen as promising by some and as self-delusion by others, but the research continued and has produced a number of interesting results that may bring us closer to understanding the genesis of language and how widespread language is in the animal kingdom."
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Native American Influence on American English, 2007.
An analysis of the history of certain American English words that have their roots in Native-American languages.
2,938 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the influence of Native-American languages on American English. It begins by discussing the variety, origin and roots of Native-American languages. It then discusses early contact between settlers and Native-Americans and the evidence that has been found to suggest that American English was influenced by this contact, particularly the names of places names that were named after the tribes that occupied the location.
Table of Contents:
The Lumbee
What Does this Mean for Native American Words in American English?
From the Paper
"In conclusion, tribal languages are typically spoken only in places where tribal members are isolated. However, it is doubtful if there are any areas left where the tribal language is spoken exclusively. Typically the tribal language exists alongside English. As the number of native speakers diminishes, so does the usage of that language until it is eventually extinguished. This has been the fate of many native languages. The remnants that remain in American English are testimony to their existence. In some cases they are one of the last remaining references to their existence. The study of native American words in the English language gives us a glimpse into many ancient languages that are long forgotten and can give us clues to the cultures of these people as well. The study of Native language remnants is a testimony to the tribes and peoples that once represented the dominant culture in North America."
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