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Police Discretion, 2008.
A discussion on the use of discretion in law enforcement.
1,884 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses why the discretion of police to make autonomous decisions about whether to initiate enforcement action is integral to the realities of maintaining a police authority. The paper explores the benefits and problems with police discretion and explains how specific policing styles for different communities are conducive to effective administrative control of police discretion on patrol.
Outline:
Understanding Police Discretion
Benefits and Problems Associated with Police Discretion
Controlling Officer Discretion at the Operational Level through Policing Strategies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Effective police operations requires sound decision making at every level, starting with field contacts between first-line officers on patrol and citizens all the way up the ranks of operational supervision and department administration and policy making. Some of the most important decisions made by every police officer, beginning with his first probationary tour of duty, are the decision to refrain from taking enforcement action where, technically, enforcement is justified. That makes perfect sense: if every minor violation of penal law that allowed enforcement or arrest necessarily required enforcement or arrest, police agencies would be perpetually busy processing enforcement of the types of violations that do not threaten the safety and welfare of citizens and society."
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School Violence, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of school violence concentrating on violent behavior in American schools.
3,123 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that violence in schools has been a subject at the center of debate for several years. The writer points out that school violence is a problem throughout the world, but in recent years a great deal of attention has been given to violence in American schools. The writer examines school violence as it relates to the causes and prevention measures. The research explores the impact of social hierarchy, bullying and mental illness on school violence. In addition the research discusses social isolation and the ways in which school violence can be prevented. The writer begins by explaining school violence and looks at why it has become an issue of serious concern in recent years.
Outline:
Introduction
School Violence
The Impact of Social Hierarchy, Bullying and Mental Illness on School Violence
Social Isolation
Prevention of School Violence
Conclusion
From the Paper
"With all this being understood, it is interesting to note that many of their victims were not the individuals that were jocks. It seems the gunmen were indiscriminate concerning the students that they killed or injured. The anger that these gunmen felt was directed towards students that never teased or taunted the gunmen for being outsiders. It may be safe to assume that the gunmen may have been angry at the entire situation and as such this anger was taken out on everyone at the school. It is also evident that the conflicts that can occur as a result of social hierarchy is real and can be dangerous if it is not properly addressed.
"In other school shooting cases bullying of the perpetrator by other students have brought provocation. Such was the case in Minnesota, when 16 year old gunman Jeff Weis killed seven people and himself at a school on Red Lake Indian reservation. This young man had a difficult upbringing living in poverty, having a father that committed suicide and a mother that was disabled. In addition, after the shooting occurred, classmates described the young man as a loner who was repeatedly bullied by classmates."
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Family Violence, 2008.
Describes family violence, defined as violence against another family member or loved one including dating violence and domestic violence.
915 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the most important thing to remember about family violence is that it affects the entire family, co-workers and friends, not just the people involved in the violence. The paper points out that family violence does not have to have physical violence as a component. Mental abuse and neglect can be just as damaging as physical abuse especially since this type of abuse can go unrecognized much longer. The paper questions if the acceptance of violence by modern society is perhaps leading to more family violence.
From the Paper
"Some of the hardest violence to contemplate is physical and mental violence against a child, and yet it occurs all too frequently. Battered child syndrome, shaken baby syndrome and child abuse of any sort is difficult to understand, as the victims are young and incapable of fighting back or defending themselves at all. Family violence is difficult to comprehend, but violence against children seems to be the most heinous form of violence, and it should be the type of violence punished most heavily by the law. However, any form of family violence is wrong, and it tears families apart."
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Forensics, 2008.
A brief overview of the field of forensics in criminal cases.
741 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the primary focus of forensic science in the field of criminal investigation and goes on to discuss how the field of forensics is extremely varied and wide-ranging. The paper relates that anyone entering into this field can be assured of an interesting and rewarding career with numerous opportunities for specialization and advancement.
Outline:
Introduction
The Extent and Purpose of Forensics
From the Paper
"In very general terms, forensics can be defined as the application of science to law. (A Career In Forensic Science: What is Forensic Science?) A common definition of the term forensics is: "The use of science and technology to investigate and establish facts in criminal or civil courts of law" ( Forensics).
"Forensics is usually referred to in the context of criminal cases and investigations. This discipline influences the study of criminal cases and is involved in the exploration of associations between suspects and criminal actions through scientific investigation. There are many areas and aspects of forensics and a career in this field can be varied. For instance, some forensic scientists specialize in drug crime investigations and analyze data and specimens to determine drug abuse. (A Career In Forensic Science: What is Forensic Science?)"
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Sweden's Current Justice System, 2008.
A detailed description of the criminal justice system in Sweden.
3,907 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper describes Sweden, its ethnic composition, and its political and judicial systems. The writer provides statistics on crime in Sweden and shows that, compared to other EU countries and the U.S., the overall crime rate is relatively low, specifically with regard to violent crimes. The writer discusses how membership in the European Union has altered the manner in which crime is treated and the legal system is structured in Sweden, and describes in detail how the police force is organized and trained. The writer describes the judicial system and the prisons, giving statistics for the latter.
Outline:
Overview of the Country: Sweden
Description of Crime and Crime Statistics
Description of the Legal Tradition
Description of Law Enforcement System
Organization of Police Force
Description of the Criminal Justice Court System
Description of the Corrections System
From the Paper
"Swedish penal code does not classify crimes and infractions separately and crime itself is based on legal definitions of crime based on the penal code. There is however a grouping of crimes together in subgroups which are guided by principle and pragmatism and have developed over time. In Sweden the age of criminal responsibility is 15, though there are many provisional exceptions to conviction and sentencing for those under 21, and those under the age of 18 are very rarely sentenced to prison terms. Special circumstances must exist for the occurrence of prison sentencing for those under 18 and in many cases also those under 21. Sweden also has a very strict comparative policy on drug offences. It is illegal to possess, bring in, buy or use narcotics in Sweden and narcotics are classified by a list that includes 170 substances, including cannabis. Use of narcotics was criminalized in 1988."
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Extraordinary Rendition, 2008.
Investigates extraordinary rendition, which is the practice of transferring terror suspects from one country to another by means that bypass all judicial due process.
3,840 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issue of extraordinary renditions used by the U.S. and the CIA to fight the War on Terror. The paper describes three types of rendition and traces the history of their use by the U.S. government from its early days to the present. The paper then contrasts the points of view of the U.S. government and human rights groups on the issue. The paper also discusses the weaknesses of this process and concludes that whether or not one agrees with the policy of renditions, it is evident that extraordinary renditions have served to weaken international law.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Types of Rendition
History of Rendition in the United States
The U.S. View Point on Extraordinary Rendition
The 'Down Side' of Extraordinary Rendition
Mistakes are Common
Ceding the High Moral Ground
Dubious Intelligence-Gathering through Torture
Effect on International Law
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In May 2004, five months after his detention, el-Masri was released after the Americans realized that he had been mistakenly identified as a terrorist because an al-Qaeda terrorist had a similar name. The manner of his release (he was blindfolded and handcuffed and let out on a lonely road in Albania) and the subsequent treatment of his lawsuit by the US courts (dismissal on the basis of national security) have received widespread condemnation from human right organizations. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) helped el-Masri to file lawsuit in a US court against his illegal detention in December 2005."
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Policing the Mentally Ill, 2008.
A research paper exploring police treatment of the homeless and mentally ill.
4,034 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the assertions that police treatment of the mentally ill is based on stereotypes, prejudice and a general lack of understanding of the complexity of mental illness. The paper considers this in light of reports that are indicative of increased police awareness and improved methodologies when dealing with these individuals. The paper explores the literature and shows how, while appropriate and necessary discretion in dealing with the mentally ill is emphasized, it is an area that has not been adequately addressed in terms of training. The paper explains the obstacles and problems relating to the interaction between police and the emotionally ill and concludes that more research is needed to establish the extent of the problem and the most appropriate procedures to deal with it from a policing point of view.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview
The Realities of Policing the Homeless Mentally Ill
The Expansion of Policing Functions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The need for research into the intersection between policing responsibilities and chronic mentally ill Individuals is evidenced by the various prevalent areas of concern in this relationship, as it presently exists. As this section will discuss, while there are some practical and commonly accepted modes and methods within police protocol to deal with the problem of the mentally ill and particularly the homeless, this has not been refined or become integrated sufficiently to provide a fully comprehensive strategy and set of protocols to deal fully with the situation.
"There are also many assertions that police treatment of the homeless and mentally ill is based in stereotypes, prejudice and a general lack of understanding of the complexity of mental illness. There is also the allegation that police arrests have exacerbated the problem in some cases through the increase of mentally disabled persons in prisons."
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Labeling Theory, 2008.
This paper examines labeling theory concentrating on this issue as it relates to juvenile offenders.
5,070 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores labeling theory and looks at its specific relevance to the condition of juvenile delinquency. The effects of negative as well as positive labeling are discussed and reviewed for its particular impact on the younger offender. Also considered is the part that labeling theory, as well as other social interactions, has played in affecting the justice system's sentencing of juvenile offenders. The writer maintains that though labeling theory focuses primarily on the negative impact on juveniles, it has also played a part in correcting many misuses of power in the justice system.
Outline:
Abstract
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"That being said, while PEN may be a predictor of a tendency to evaluate a juvenile's environment in a more negative fashion, the adding of labeling and the stigmatization of stereotyping youthful offenders would certainly add to the overall profile of a blooming career criminal. There are, of course, opposing ideas to this framework. Some believe that labeling theorist are missing a larger piece of the puzzle when they attribute overwhelming importance to the stigma imposed by society and the labeling framework. The initial incentive for rule breaking may be caused by many sources, but labeling theorists have a tendency to believe that ongoing rule breaking is the conceptualizing of a poor self image from labeling bias."
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Crime in Charlotte-Meklenberg, 2008.
Argues that the rational theory does not explain the crime in Charlotte-Meklenberg, NC.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the pattern in which the burglaries in the Charlotte-Meklenberg community are being committed and considers whether the burglaries can be explained in terms of the rational theory. The paper
describes the rational theory as a person acting within constraints, based on the information given about the conditions they are in, in order to achieve what they want. The paper concludes that the crimes are caused by the social behavior of teens and thus the crime is the result of a social problem, which cannot be addressed through rational theories but rather by social action theories.
From the Paper
"He admits that over the month preceding, detectives saw a pattern to the kinds of burglaries being perpetrated and they were pursuing leads. Officers made an arrest in one case that fit the pattern of recent burglaries and were interviewing the suspect to see if the burglaries were related. In one day, in the North of Mecklenburg County, four homes were broken into. All of them had similar methodology to other burglaries occurring earlier that month in the South. But the same kind of break-ins has been reported in all the other parts of the city, as well."
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Violence Against Women: An Application of Theory, 2008.
An analysis of a case study of violence against women.
5,055 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
The question of gender violence in relationships, particularly violent crimes perpetrated against females, has been the focus of media as well as criminological and psychological investigation in recent years. Various theoretical trajectories have been put forward with the aim of understanding and thereby preventing the occurrences of this type of crime. The application of social learning theory has been shown to provide invaluable insight into the deeper causative structure of these crimes. This paper investigates a single, severe example of this type of crime and analyzes it in terms of social learning theory. This analysis indicates that this theory not only provides a useful understanding of the causes of the crime but is also beneficial in terms of remedial work and rehabilitation.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Case study
Etiology
Prediction and Prevention
Recommended Criminal Justice Responses
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"On Sept. 18, 2006, John Raymond "Woody" Woodring gunned down his wife, Bonnie Woodring. The events leading to this murder are extensive and complex and relate to a series of failed relationships and marriages in John Woodring's life. All of these relationships prior to his marriage to Bonnie were characterized by abuse and violence, which often resulted in court actions and legal restrictions. When Bonnie Woodring was killed by her husband, she had in fact fled to a shelter, as she was scared of him in spite of the fact that there were restraining orders out on his movements."
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Eurasian Organized Crime in the United States, 2008.
A discussion on the presence of Eurasian organized crime in the United States.
6,892 words (approx. 27.6 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 155.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the past, present and the future of Eurasian organized crime in the United States. The author follows the trial of organized Eurasian Crime to the United States and reviews literature in this subject area. The paper discusses what crimes have been, are and will likely be committed in the United States if this complex and serious problem is not properly addressed proactively. The paper also suggests that participation, collaboration, and cooperative law enforcement networks that align with corporate and banking networks throughout the United States and across borders and boundaries networking with these entities and agencies in other countries is necessary if Eurasian organized crime groups are to be impacted greatly.
Outline:
Introduction
Background of the Problem
Definition of Terms
Literature Review
Groups of Eurasian Organized Crime Identified
Vory v Zadone (Thieves-in-law)
Nomenklatura
Ethnic and National Groups
Avtorieti (Authorities)
Identified by FBI as Threat in the U.S. (Present and Future) - Vory v Zadone
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Comprising the third group of organized crime are the ethnic and national groups including the Chechens, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Dagestanis, Georgians, and Ingush, who are active in Russian and throughout Central Eurasia and outside the Commonwealth of Independent States as well. This is the most violent of all the criminal groups."
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Plagiarism, 2008.
An overview of plagiarism including the ethical implications and court cases.
1,735 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
Stealing from others has plagued mankind for thousands of years, since the moment we stood up and walked on two legs. This paper contends that plagiarism is just another form of theft, but it goes much deeper than any pickpocket or conman could possibly imagine and that it is the theft of ideas, abstract thoughts, which someone else spent timeless effort in creating. It looks at how different genres have different ways of defining, identifying, and punishing works which have been found to contain plagiarized material. It also discusses how many real life instances of plagiarism have resulted in court cases, huge cash settlements, and republications of works with enforced properly cited references and footnotes.
From the Paper
"There are times when plagiarism is an intentional act to skip out on actually doing work and conducting proper research, but there are also times when it can be an intentional mistake on the part of an amateur author or researcher. Due to plagiarism being so broad, there are many ways one could unintentionally plagiarize from another work and have absolutely no idea any wrong doing was done. Many professionals explain that the best way to treat paraphrasing is to not do it whenever possible. Instead of paraphrasing, it is suggested that one should use direct quotations and the creation of their own words of analysis for that direct quotation. However, when paraphrased are used, they should be correctly cited and referenced to the original wok in which they are paraphrasing. That is why it is so essential that students and professionals alike inform themselves of the various definitions and descriptions. "
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