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Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behavior, 2008.
A literature review of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior.
5,754 words (approx. 23.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 138.95
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Abstract
The early childhood years are universally recognized as being a critically important developmental period for human beings, and when normal patterns of parental caregiving and nurturing are disrupted or when children experience abuse at the hands of others, the consequences can be profound, pervasive and even life-threatening. This literature review examines the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior. The studies are grouped according to those studies concerning childhood sexual abuse and dissociation, those that concern childhood sexual abuse and various self-destructive behaviors, and those that investigate the relationship between all three factors.
Outline:
Introduction
Studies Concerning Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Concerning Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behaviors
Studies Examining All Three Variables
From the Paper
"When families experience the trauma of sexual abuse, the processes by which these multiple and competing reactions on the part of the parent and the child tend to interfere with the normal processes that provide families with the means to achieve healthy functioning following such episodes of abuse. In this regard, Silberg (2004) reports that when children are sexually abused, there will be a natural tendency to engage in a number of emotional responses that may compete for primacy, including a desire for secrecy, individual victimization memories and sexual experiences, and confused and mixed emotions in the child and the parent. According to this researcher, "This is likely to be the case whether the conflicting feelings are a result of abuse within the family or from maltreatment by an individual outside of the family. In either case, these competing processes lead to dissociative manifestations, forgetting, and inability to make adequate meaning out of the feelings, perceptions, and ideas stimulated by the sexual abuse" (Silberg, 2004, p. 490). "
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Coping with Infidelity and Breakups, 2008.
This paper provides a study of strategies to reduce stress and anxiety in order to cope with infidelity and breakups.
7,064 words (approx. 28.3 pages), 27 sources, MLA, $ 158.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that the issue of stress and anxiety that is linked to relationship betrayal and breakdown poses a particular challenge to contemporary psychological and relationship counseling. The paper presents an overview of the problem of infidelity and relationship breakdown mainly in the context of modern developed countries like the Unites States - while reference is also made to the permutations of the problem in other countries in the world. The central focus of this paper, however, is on the way that stress and anxiety can be dealt with in the two gender groups. This refers to the differences and similarities in the way that stress and anxiety is experienced by men and women; and the way that they cope with the trauma of divorce and infidelity. The last section of the paper deals with counseling strategies and methods of dealing with this issue, as well as some theoretical stances and trajectories that has been found to be useful in this regard.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Extent of the Problem
Psychological and other Consequences
Differences in Gender in Relation to Stress and Anxiety
Coping Strategies
General Coping Strategies and Advice
Coping Strategies for Women
Self-Esteem
Coping Strategies of Men
Counseling and Stress Reduction
Conclusion
Reference List
From the Paper
" The above view underlines a cardinal aspect of the way that divorce in particular, as well as other forms of relationship breakdown, negatively influences a wide circle of people. The effect that relationship breakdown has on the family and on children is a significant factor in determining the extent of the problem, in that these aspects can add to and increase stress and anxiety. In other words, in the assessment of the extent and range of the effects of marital breakdown, the other individuals who are affected beside the man and woman, tend to contribute to the overall situation and to the stress and anxiety factors. For example, children may become disruptive as result of the stress of the relationship conflict, which in turn leads to an increase in the problematics of the situation."
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Educating Preschoolers with Autism in China, 2008.
A research proposal into American education programs for children with autism and their application in Chinese learning environments.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 45 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses American special education programs. It specifically focuses on programs for educating preschoolers with autism. It then looks at how these programs can be applied in Chinese learning environments and discusses the current treatment for autism spectrum disorders in the People's Republic of China. The paper presents a research proposal for the subject matter.
From the Paper
"This program contains structured reinforcements and feedback including the use of 'no' at the incorrect response of a child. A study conducted at the University of California at Los Angeles states a 47% recovery rate for child below the age of four years old. This program is a 40-hour per week program of one-on-one therapy for a period of two years. This method is reliant on introducing a skill, prompting and reinforcement of the skills. (Programs for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, nd) There are currently studies underway in order to make a determination as to the prevalence of autism in China. At the present, there are no formal programs for autistic children with only very treatments programs in the larger city private schools. Treatments in China are said to range from "herbal medicines and acupuncture to sensory integration training and, in rare instances, applied behavior analysis." (Clark and Zhou, 2005) The work of Tsang, et al (2006) reports a longitudinal study conducted on 34 autistic children in Hong Kong using the TEACCH program in a preschool. Stated is that "eighteen children received full-time center-based TEACCH program training. The control group included 16 children who received different types of individualized or group training but not TEACCH program training. Instruments validated in Hong Kong were used to assess the children's social adaptive functioning and developmental abilities before and during the training at 6-month intervals for 12 months. Children in the experimental group showed better outcomes at posttest. They also showed progress in different developmental domains over time. The study provided initial support for the effectiveness of using the TEACCH program with Chinese children." (Tsang, et al, 2000)"
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Quantitative Research, 2008.
An examination of quantitative research. focusing on the pros and cons.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of quantitative research in education and social science. The paper explains that quantitative research is indirect, abstract and treats experiences as similar, adding or multiplying them together, or quantifying them. The paper looks at how qualitative research has the aim of understanding experience as nearly as possible as its participants feel it or live it. The paper also points out that qualitative research is not a new method. The paper then explains that there appears to be a consensus that, though education may be different now from in previous years, the aim is still the same - to understand what each tradition is doing rather than debate the political and moral implications of the research and its methods.
From the Paper
"Theoretical research programs coordinate theory and empirical research. The researchers infer that theory guides research, and research tests theory, which was earlier stated by Moore in 1989. Research results provide insight that improves theories, which then require further tests. This reciprocal coordination of theory and research produces cumulative theory growth, the trademark of science. To build solid knowledge about social processes, theory cannot be separated from related empirical research that tests it. Group processes research has focused on experiment, although not to the exclusion of other social research methods."
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Childhood Sexual Abuse, Dissociation and Self-Destruction, 2008.
This paper looks at the relationship between childhood sexual abuse, dissociation and self-destructive behavior.
6,829 words (approx. 27.3 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 154.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that living with a chronic mental illness or problem can be exceedingly difficult, and those that struggle with dissociation often experience many of the same problems. The writer points out that the basic assumptions of the psychiatric model are inconsistent with nursing practice, and therefore nurses who are asked to treat those who have chronic mental, behavioral, or emotional problems often have a great deal of difficulty adjusting their feelings and beliefs about what the patient should be treated for to fit in with the guidelines proposed by this model, which can cause disagreements and issues between doctors, patients, and families. A critique of the psychiatric medical model shows that this particular model views emotional problems that stem from abuse and other issues as though they were diseases. The writer then provides a review of related literature and looks at various related assumptions in this regard.
Outline:
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Dissociation
Studies Involving Childhood Sexual Abuse and Self-Destructive Behavior
Studies Examining all Three Variables
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Because the diagnostic tests for mental and emotional issues are so rigid and strict, the whole person is not examined. The lack of flexibility creates a restricted view of the individual who has come to seek help, and the process of giving patients these diagnostic tests becomes not one of helping them, but rather of classifying them into a specific category. While it is acknowledged that it is important to attempt to find what is 'wrong' with these individuals in order to treat them in the most appropriate way, individuals must be studied and classified on an individual basis. No two people who act the same way are exactly alike, and the diagnostic tests make it far too easy to assign someone to a category without really understanding the depth and nature of their problems."
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Cross-Cultural Emotional Development, 2008.
A discussion of the differences in emotional development in children from various cultures.
1,312 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the 'making' and sentimentalization of a child is something that is addressed very differently, depending on the culture and the society. The paper explains that in some cultures, emotional issues are more important and significant than physical ones, and when this is the case, the emotions of a person are seen as a prime source for that individual's motivation. The paper looks at how anthropology has conceptualized the relationship between emotional competence and the child. The paper also points out that the politics of a nation becomes that of the child that is raised in that nation, whether that is good or bad.
From the Paper
"Lutz (1983, p. 247) infers that the parents often show the child how he or she 'should' react to something specific. If a parent reacts with anger to every little slight, the children will likely react that way as well. In a sense, they have been conditioned to react that way because it is what they see as normal, based on how their parents act. The more time they spend around others, though, the more that they see that there are different ways of reacting to specific stimuli, and they might then begin to question whether the way that their parents react is the 'right' way, or the way that they want to react. This begins a period of socialization where the child learns what is acceptable in society and his or her place in that (Lewis & Saarni, 1985, p. 4)."
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Freud on Revolution, 2008.
A study of Sigmund Freud's book, "Civilization and its Discontents," focusing on his theories on revolution.
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Freud's book, "Civilization and its Discontents," and shows how Freud's theories of man's inherent aggressiveness agree with Karl Marx's philosophy. The author discusses Freud's beliefs about the psyche and the mind, and the polarities of Eros and the "Death Drive" in the history of civilization. The author finds that Freud's hypothesis of the cause of revolution in society can be seen in action today, and discusses the near prophetic nature of some of his writing.
From the Paper
"Freud also uses the book as a pulpit, if you will, for his own views on organized religion, which he considers the "future of an illusion," an essay he refers to often in the book. He believes that religion can help relieve individual neuroses, but in the end, there are better ways to find happiness in life. Thus, the book is his critique on society but also expresses his feelings about some elements of society and how they influence our lives, thoughts, and actions. The book is somewhat a look inside Freud as well as a look at the contemporary society of his time."
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Coping with Job Stress, 2008.
A descriptive account of the problems of stress and how it is affected in a work situation.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper defines the problem of stress and looks at how it is affected in the workplace. The paper then relates that, in spite of the difficulty researchers encounter in measuring stress and tracking the healthcare costs of stress, its negative impact on the work environment has long been recognized in business. The paper also relates that, despite the limitations of research about stress, the research has provided some insight as to what employment conditions create the most negative stress, and what types of stress employers should strive to reduce to optimize productivity.
From the Paper
"However, measuring stress can itself be a source of stress for researchers. A problem with measuring stress is "that it cannot always be seen," especially during its early stages when "most employees will suffer in silence. [Although] this does not mean that employers can or should do nothing," it may mean that a lack of response on the part of employers is not necessarily due to callousness fashion ("Stress in the workplace," 2007, Clarion, Ltd). It can be difficult for researchers to calculate the amount of stress workers experience at any one point in time, or over the course of a typical work day or year. Because the potential costs of work-related stress to an employer as well as the employee are so great, including the cost of absences, disturbances in production, creativity and competitiveness, reduced effectiveness of employees suffering from work-related stress, punitive legal fines if workers injure themselves on the job, and awards of damages from the courts arising from personal injury claims, employers often wish to reduce workplace stress and address its causes, but are not always able to do so nor measure its impact in a clear fashion ("Stress In The Workplace," 2007, Clarion, Ltd). "The price tag for indirect and direct costs associated with both undiagnosed and treated depression in North America is $60 billion, according to the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto."
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Ethnography, 2008.
A looks at ethnography as a social science research method.
5,280 words (approx. 21.1 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 130.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the history of ethnography, the principle individuals behind its inception, and the manner in which data is collected. The paper also analyzes the strengths and weakness of ethnography and examines the ethical issues surrounding this type of research. In addition, this paper outlines circumstances when ethnography is a viable research tool and describes the manner in which it has been used in education research. Finally, the paper concludes with some well-known examples of ethnography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Overview of Qualitative / Action-Based Research
History of Ethnography
Ethnography as a Viable Research Method
Strengths and Weaknesses of Ethnography
Ethical Issues Surrounding Ethnography
Ethnographical Research Used in Education Research
Well-Known Studies of Ethnography
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Other aspects of ethnographical research that can be considered weaknesses is the types of participant strategies that it involves. The first and most fundamental distinction among observational strategies concerns the extent to which the observer is also a participant in the program activities being studied. Weaknesses in have been pointed out in determining what kind of participation the researcher must engage in. According to Genzuk (2003), the extent of participation is a continuum which varies from complete immersion in the program as full participant to complete separation from the activities observed, taking on a role as spectator."
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Adolescent Substance Abuse, 2008.
An analysis of the breath and prevalence of adolescent substance abuse.
6,423 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 39 sources, APA, $ 148.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a general overview of adolescent substance abuse, including a discussion of some of the more salient societal implications involved. A description of the statistics concerning adolescent substance abuse and its incidence among various groups is followed by a discussion of social identity theory, group affiliation and their respective influence on adolescent substance abuse patterns. An analysis of some of the more common types of substances typically abused by American adolescents today is also followed by a discussion of the various factors that have been shown to contribute to adolescent substance abuse behaviors and place these young people at higher risk of becoming substances abusers, as well as some behaviors that have been shown to mediate such risk.
Outline:
Introduction
General Overview
Societal Implications
Statistics/Incidence of Adolescent Substance Abuse
Social Identity Theory, Group Affiliation and Their Influence on Adolescent Substance Abuse
Types of Substances Typically Abused by Adolescents
Factors Contributing to Adolescent Substance Abuse Behaviors
Summary
From the Paper
"Calculating the precise incidence of substance abuse among adolescence has been complicated by the fact that some minority groups appear to be specifically targeted for such testing when they present for emergency treatment at many American hospitals today. For example, the results of an analysis of data collected on adolescents (aged 12 through 17 years) from the National Trauma Data Bank to identify the incidence of alcohol and drug testing in adolescents admitted for traumatic injury by Marcin and his colleagues (2003) found significant differences in the likelihood of alcohol and drug testing being ordered by the treating clinicians for different racial, ethnic, and gender groups which demonstrated an increased likelihood of Hispanic males and African American females to receive alcohol testing, but did not identify any systematic attempt at racial bias; this study, though, did determine that females of all races were less likely than males to test positive for alcohol and drugs (Marcin et al., 2003). "
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Life Span Development, 2008.
This paper looks at lifespan development that discusses the changes of an individual during the period of life.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that lifespan development and developmental psychology, in general, study the changes that occur in an individual throughout his entire lifespan, from his existence as a prenatal to old age and death. The writer notes that basically, lifespan development studies the evolution and changes of the individual, as well as of groups of individuals, over their entire period of life. On the other hand, the writer maintains that it is important to have a definition of the term development, as perceived by psychologists. It is much more difficult for an individual nowadays to be separated from the environment in which he lives and works and be examined as he is. The writer discusses that this can be in part beneficial for a psychologist, witnessing the object of study at work, in his own environment, but it can also be challenging, due to the fact that collectivism seems to be much better represented nowadays than individualism was before.
From the Paper
"Among the most important categories of lifespan development methodologies, we can enumerate longitudinal study and cross-sectional study. In the longitudinal study, individuals that are born around the same period of time are jointly analyzed throughout their lifespan in order to observe not only individual development, but also differential individual development and see how and why individuals developed differently.
"On the other hand, in the cross-sectional study, the psychologist will aim to analyze individuals of different ages at a certain moment of time. Differently from the previous method, this will require fewer resources while provided useful resources about the individual development at various age stages. Cross-sectional study also helps lifespan development psychologists answer important questions referring to whether or not experience changes actual accumulation and development of an individual and how different age groups react differently in different situations ..."
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