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| Term Paper # 108229 |
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Rheumatoid Arthritis - Its Effect on Daily Living, 2008.
An examination of the importance of exercise and a positive mood for patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
1,027 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the effect of rheumatoid arthritis on the daily living of a patient. It describes the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and how it presents. The paper then focuses on the impact of exercise and mood on the severity of the disease and discusses the importance of ensuring enough exercise and positive mood for patients with the disease.
Table of Contents:
Review Of The Literature
Introduction to Rheumatoid Arthritis
Importance of Exercise for Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis
RA & ADL
From the Paper
"Patients with better mood "showed lower disease activity after one year of observation as compared with those with worse mood. As well as several reports relating diseases and mood, mental status has also been reported to affect immuno-regulatory systems. Chronic depression or chronic stress conditions lead to immuno-suppressive status and imbalance in corticotrophin-releasing hormone, which induces cancer and hyperthyroidism. It has been reported that depressive states induce suppression of mitogenic reaction in lymphocytes, decreases the number and activity of natural killer cells and decreases the production of interferon." Sadamoto, Ogawa, Ogura and Saito, 2006) The work of Gray (nd) entitled: "What Feature of Rheumatoid Arthritis are Hard to Cope with Psychologically and What Strategies Might be Helpful in Coping?" identifies the features of RA which are hard to psychologically cope with and explores the relationships between those features and negative psychological outcomes. The following figure shows the percentages of the disease symptoms and how the ability of those with RA are affected in coping."
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When the Kidneys Fail, 2008.
This paper looks at the management and implications of renal failure.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that kidneys are fist-sized, bean-shaped organs, which are located at the lowest part of the rib cage and the sides of the spine. Their major function is to remove waste products and excess fluids from the body in the form of urine. The writer points out that damage to the kidneys or reduced kidney functions can constitute chronic kidney disease or CKD. Chronic renal failure consists of a progressive loss of kidney function from disease or another cause. In addition, the writer explains that untreated CKD may lead to kidney or renal failure. The condition may need to be treated with dialysis or kidney transplantation. The writer discusses the symptoms, diagnosis and possible treatment of chronic kidney disease and renal failure.
Outline:
Psychosocial and Physiological Changes
Dietary Changes
Management and Implications
Diagnostic Strategy and Differential
From the Paper
"Dialysis performs the function of the kidneys but does not cure the disease or prevent possible complications. It may even cause those complications and even reduce one's quality of life. Hemodialysis sends the blood through a dialyzer and goes back to the body after eliminating toxins and excess fluid. It is usually done thrice a week, each time for 3 to 5 hours or more. Common negative reactions are fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, light-headedness, leg cramps, nausea and vomiting. The other type is peritoneal dialysis, which uses the peritoneum to filter the blood without removing it from the body. It uses dialysate, which is later drained through a peritoneal catheter. Peritonitis is the most common complication. A study of 336 hemodialysis and 185 peritoneal dialysis patients undergoing both types found that peritoneal dialysis was a preference 1.5 times more. The quality of care, freedom of choice and cost are major reasons for their choice. Physicians, however, prefer hemodialysis because of reimbursement trends."
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Buffer Systems in the Body, 2008.
An examination of how the buffer systems in the human body maintain normal pH.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the buffer systems in the human body. It specifically focuses on the role of the buffer systems in maintaining proper body pH. The paper explains the effect on the bodily systems if changes occur to shift the balance of acid-base systems to a range that is out of the norm. The paper looks at various cations and ions in the body and their function.
Table of Contents:
Changes in pH
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Chlorine
Hydrogen
Oxygen
From the Paper
"Buffers and buffer reactions are one of the most important reactions in the human body. The body has a limited tolerance for changes in pH. The ability to maintain proper pH can present as a primary cause of concern, or it can represent a secondary complication. The most common problem associated with pH shifts are heart arrythmias and pulmonary problems. The six chemicals discussed in this research are the most important ones for maintenance of proper pH. However, there are many others that play a minor role. Understanding how the body maintains homeostasis is one of the most important concepts that any medical professional can know."
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Disaster Management, 2008.
Examines the hypothesis that disasters reveal authorities' incapacity to manage crisis situations.
1,880 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, in times of disaster, local, national, and international authorities are supposed to interfere in order to help the victims of the disaster and reduce its effects to a minimum level. However, the authorities' intervention is not always to the benefit of the population, as sometimes the interventions only increase the damage. The paper uses the examples of the Katrina hurricane and the Crandall Canyon Mine collapse to demonstrate this point, noting that, in both cases, the interference of the law enforcements increased the number of casualties. Thus, the paper argues that the need for improved capabilities to interfere in crisis situations becomes more and more obvious. This is needed not only because of the actual incapacity of the law enforcements to actually aid the victims, but also because of the shifting nature of disasters. The paper concludes that as the potential causes of disaster increase rapidly, so must the emergency management programs.
Table of Contents:
Thesis Statement
Disasters
Emergency Management
Standard Procedures to Follow in Case of Disasters
Wrongful Emergency Management
Management of Hurricane Katrina
Crandall Canyon Mine Collapse
Conclusions
From the Paper
"In order to explain their failure to properly manage a disaster, authorities argue that the emergency management does not solely apply to the government and its subsidies, but to the overall population. The police explain that in crisis situations, the population panics and they have far too high demands from the local authorities. Furthermore, another argument of the law centres is that during peaceful times, the population does not engage in activities to prevent disasters, the way they should."
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Searching the internet for medical facts, 2008.
A look at how searching the Internet for medical information is not always reliable.
818 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discuses how in today's world, when a patient is diagnosed with an ailment they can immediately access information through the Internet. It then goes on to explain however that this can sometimes be problematic as the information can often be misleading. The paper also reviews two websites on cervical cancer and explains why one of thesites is valid and the other is not.
Outline:
Cervical Cancer: Googling for facts
A Valid Site: The American Cancer Society
An Invalid Site: Dr. Day's nutritional supplement, metabolic diet, and prayer-based therapy
From the Paper
"The American Cancer Society provides medically valid information about cancer, as well as information and statistics about various treatment, and various complications and side effects from the illness and conventional and alternative forms of treatment. It also explains risk and preventative measures that people who are worried about cancer can consider, when contemplating going for a screening. It establishes its credentials simply by the fact that its informative site is maintained by one of the most well-respected and well-known organizations devoted to cancer prevention, awareness, and support, and also because of its honesty about the difficulties incurred by some cancer therapies, such as the sterility frequently caused by radiation, and the fact that chemotherapy can trigger premature menopause."
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Diabetes Self-Care, 2008.
This research paper explores the elements of patients' successful self-care management of diabetes mellitus.
3,484 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper conducts an extensive review of the relevant literature to determine the factors that exist in relation to barriers and challenges of specific groups of patients in self-care management of diabetes mellitus. The paper addresses race/ethnicity differences in self-care management as well as psychological, social and family predictors of the probability of self-care management of diabetes success for patients.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Review of Relevant Theoretical Literature
Literature Review
Summary
Background
From the Paper
"Diabetes mellitus is a chronic systemic disease (Scemons, 2007). Diabetes mellitus has been divided into four clinical classes by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) which are the four as follows: (1) Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease possibly triggered by genetic and environmental factors. It's caused by the destruction of pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin. Totally insulin-deficient, the patient needs exogenous insulin to survive; (2) Type 2 diabetes, accounting for 90% to 95% of all diabetes in the United States, involves a decreased ability to use the insulin produced in the pancreas. The beta cells maintain some function but become progressively desensitized to blood glucose levels. Decreased insulin sensitivity in the liver and peripheral tissues adds to the problem; (3) Gestadomd diabetes develops during pregnancy; and (4) Other types have various specific causes, such as genetic defects in beta cell function or insulin action, pancreatic disease, or adverse drug reactions. (Scemons, 2007) "
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Personal Digital Assistants in Healthcare, 2008.
This paper looks at current applications and future trends in the use of personal digital assistants in healthcare.
3,200 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that today, healthcare practitioners enjoy a wide range of digital equipment that can help them provide more efficient healthcare services, including laptop computers, cellular telephones and personal digital assistants, or PDAs. The writer points out that these devices have been used in various ways by clinicians to improve their ability to deliver more timely and accurate diagnoses and treatments and it is clear that the use of these devices will continue to increase in the future. The writer provides a current snapshot of how personal digital assistants are being used in various healthcare settings, including military and government tertiary facilities and the use of PDAs on the battlefield in times of war, but with a specific focus on how PDAs are being used in nongovernmental healthcare facilities today. To this end, a critical review of the relevant peer-reviewed and scholarly literature is provided to describe the general history and evolvement of PDAs, a recapitulation of current literature and research studies, a discussion of how these devices are currently being used in the healthcare arena, and an estimation of future trends based on the foregoing descriptions. A summary of the research and relevant findings are presented in the conclusion.
Outline:
Review and Discussion
History and Evolvement of PDAs in the Healthcare Field
Current Literature and Research Studies
Application of the Area in the Healthcare Arena
Visions for the Future
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The research showed that personal digital assistants, or PDAs, are increasingly popular handheld devices that provide users with a vast array of functions and features that are particularly useful in healthcare settings. The research also showed that while PDAs are becoming smaller and more powerful, they are also becoming easier to use, but some healthcare practitioners may be reluctant to invest the time needed to learn how to use these devices efficiently today. There appears to be some good reason for this reluctance on the part of many healthcare professionals as well. Past trends suggest that PDAs, like other digital devices, may well just be interim technology that will be eventually supplanted by the ubiquitous computing environment that many observers predict will be firmly in place in the near future. In the meantime, the research was clear in showing that more and more people are using PDAs in their personal and professional lives, and healthcare providers are no exception. A few studies concerning how these devices can be used in various healthcare settings have already found their way into the peer-reviewed, organizational and military-based literature, and it is reasonable to conclude that new applications for PDAs will continue to be identified in healthcare until such a time as a superior technology emerges to replace them. Finally, the U.S. Department of Defense was shown to be a firm advocate of the use of PDAs by healthcare providers as part of its ongoing initiative to transform the battlefield into a comprehensive digital environment wherein resources can be more effectively deployed and better use of existing resources can be accomplished."
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Mobile Diabetes Management, 2008.
This paper discusses the t+Diabetes mobile technology system that aids in the management of diabetes.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the Think Positive Diabetes Wireless' t+Diabetes system that is designed to assist diabetic patients with monitoring and health care management and is the first to include cell phone technology to assist the patient. The paper discusses the inclusion of medically trained diabetic councilors who can assist the client in controlling the disease. The paper considers the broader application of a mobile disease management network and relates that mobile technology for disease management is the wave of the future, not only for diabetes care but for other health related issues and needs.
From the Paper
"Diabetes is, "a disease that affects nearly 21 million people--about 7 percent of the United States' population--including 1 in every 8 African-Americans. And while diabetes has no cure, new high-tech tools--as well as good, old-fashioned, hands-on education--are being used in an effort to make it easier to manage the deadly disease." (Chappell, 2006, p. 158) Diabetes management has been a monumental challenge since diabetes was first identified as a disease that could be effectively treated in the long term. (Jones, 2006, p. 132) Many individuals have problems with treatment compliance and managing diabetes from a medical standpoint can be complicated and ever shifting, depending on many external factors as well as issues involving medication dosage changes and difficulty managing blood sugar testing on a regular basis."
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Aromatherapy, 2008.
A discussion on aromatherapy, its claims, uses, dangers and legal implications.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the health claims associated with aromatherapy and comments that these claims are contested by the medical community. The paper notes that the interesting aspect of the phenomena is that even when in conflict with conventional medicine, aromatherapy continues to expand in use. The paper also notes the growth of the aromatherapy industry, despite the substantial range of unfounded claims that are associated with aromatherapy's benefits. The paper continues by warning that claiming medical use is dangerous and illegal, as it can misdirect a person suffering from a serious medical problem to a solution that will do little more than make her home and and body smell nice. The paper concludes that regulating such services is difficult, as the industry is frequently left to self-regulation, which usually consists of minimal disclaimers following the "medical" claims even if it is true that there are natural substances that have legitimate therapeutic value.
From the Paper
"Though the blood brain barrier makes, direct brain absorption doubtful, it is likely absorbed by the olfactory circulation and sense and then if there is any effect on the brain it is through these mechanisms, not as a direct elemental addition to the brain. The work, attempts to stress that the only needed validity to such treatment is the proof that "We have all entered a room and smelt a distinct aroma that has made us feel good or totally uncomfortable." Though anecdotal evidence is fine for the development of products that are not claimed to cure diseases a list offered by one company includes: "depression, sex-drive problems, bronchitis, athlete's foot, high blood pressure, cystitis, head lice," as diseases that can be cured by essential oils."
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The Cocaine Market, 2008.
An exploration of the major role that cocaine has played in the financing of the world's drug market.
1,433 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the tremendous growth of the cocaine business over the past two centuries. The writer explains that it started out as a medicinal drug and developed into a major part of an illegal underworld that has affected many lives and enriched those who realized the marketability and profitability of its potent and addictive nature. The paper relates that cocaine became immensely popular in the 70's disco era as it was thought not to be as harmful as speed or heroine, and it was believed to have a stimulating effect on the brain. The paper then shows how this led to cartels being set up in Columbia, bringing drug dealers huge profits from the drug trade throughout the 70s and 80s and even to the present. This paper includes tables.
Outline:
Cocaine's Early History on the Drug Market
A Very Sellable, But Illegal Drug
Reasons for Cocaine's Popularity
Cocaine and the Brain
From the Paper
"Realizing cocaine's addictive nature and growing market value, The United States Government made its manufacturing and distribution illegal with The Controlled Substances Act of 1970. It was also in this decade that the cocaine trade took off as the drug became a very popular part of the culture in the United States. Understanding the drug's growing popularity, cocaine once again became a huge business beginning in South American countries, especially Columbia, and finding its way to the drug market in the United States."
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"The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down", 2008.
An examination of "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" by Anne Fadiman and its implications for the medical field.
1,801 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the difficulties that can be experienced when a patient and medical professional do not understand each other's culture or language. The paper focuses on "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down" by Anne Fadiman, which is the tragedy about three-month-old Lia Lee, from Laos, who unfortunately was one of these cultural misunderstandings.
From the Paper
"Several stories in the report (Wilson-Stronks & Galvez, 2005) highlight inadequate informed consent. A Muslim man refused chemotherapy treatment for stomach cancer, because he believed the only way to receive chemotherapy was to be attached to "a pump" that would interfere with his praying. The physician did not understand that his aversion to chemotherapy had to prayer, and treatment was delayed for precious months. Other stories stress cultural misunderstandings: The son of a 72-year-old Italian woman who had a CT scan consistent with metastatic colon cancer asks the surgeon to not tell her the diagnosis because it will "kill her." A 64-year-old African-American has angina, but is reluctant to go for a cardiac catheterization. He mistrusts the healthcare system due to a poor experience with a family member and memories of the invasive procedures done as part of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. Such concerns are indicative of what took place in Spirit in 1982. How far have medical centers gone, or not gone, in these past three decades?"
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