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Monsanto, Genetic Engineering and Indonesia, 2006.
Examines how the agricultural company, Monsanto, introduced genetic engineering (GE) to Indonesia.
3,857 words (approx. 15.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 105.95
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Abstract
Monsanto is a leading provider of agricultural products to farmers. This paper analyzes the company and then presents a definition of GE. The paper then discusses why and how genetic engineering was introduced to Indonesia by Monsanto.
Paper Outline:
What is Monsanto?
What is GE? What is GE Seed?
What is Monsanto's Background of Internationally Traded Genetically Engineered (GE) Seed?
What are the Regulations of GE Products in USA?
What are the Regulations and Laws of GE Products in Indonesia?
What is the Jurisdiction of US Law in International Trade?
What Does it Take to put a Product on the Market in Indonesia?
What did Monsanto do to put GE seed in Indonesia?
Did Monsanto Follow the Regulations?
What was the Response in Indonesia?
What was the Outcome of the Legal Process in the USA?
What are the Implications of this Case on the International GE Trade?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"In recent years, Indonesia has liberalized its trade regime and taken a number of important steps to reduce protection. Since 1996, the Indonesian Government has issued deregulation packages that have reduced overall tariff levels, simplified the tariff structure, removed restrictions, replaced non-tariff barriers with more transparent tariffs, and encouraged foreign and domestic private investment. The GOI issued a deregulation package in July 1997, which introduced additional tariff reductions."
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How Polluted Land Affects Our Water, 2006.
An analysis of the link between the agricultural pollution of land and the contamination of water sources.
1,700 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the connection between agriculturally-based land pollution, such as from herbicides and pesticides, and contaminated water. The paper presents research studies and statistics that indicate that this is the most significant and damaging source of water pollution. The paper also looks at the impact of water diversion through damning for irrigation projects. The paper concludes by discussing the international ramifications of land-based water pollution.
From the Paper
"Rachel Carson, in her landmark book "Silent Spring" was the first to discover the pollution and contamination of land as well as water by insecticides. These chemicals are absorbed in the earth, and then run off into water- lakes or rivers and streams, and eventually into the oceans. The most recent catastrophe on Chesapeake Bay which contaminated almost the entire shrimp and scallop crop was presumed to have been caused by a chemical spill which began a "fouling" process that was like a fatal domino effect. From the pristine water, of the Bay it then ran off into nearby farmland, not only damaging crops, but also polluting one of the largest poultry producing areas in the country."
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Soil Erosion, 2006.
Examines the effects of marginal land and deforestation on soil erosion.
1,322 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Never before in the history of mankind have we faced an environmental dilemma with the worldwide effects of soil erosion. The problem is so severe, that many experts fear the land will not be able to produce enough food to feed the world's population in the next century. The paper discusses the problem as two fold - marginal land and deforestation. Much of the world's land is marginal sandy desert and sub-desert. In order to feed and house their growing populations many countries in South America, Asia, and Africa clear the world's forests to create more grazing land. The paper shows that, although much of this land has rich soil, the effect of deforestation is an increase in soil erosion. Once the trees are removed, the soil erodes and soon becomes marginal. Combined this with the problem of acid rain, other forms of pollution, and over population, and it is obvious we are entering a time of intense food scarcity.
From the Paper
"In order to preserve life for future generations, we must preserve the soil. Conservation and research are the keys to the future. Conservation and improving soil quality will prevent food shortages in the future. The quality of food today has decreased to dangerously low levels. In spite of increased knowledge about nutrition and advancements in medicine, people today are not as healthy as previous generations. We suffer from nutrient deficiencies related to the poor quality of soil."
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"The Unsettling of America", 2006.
A summary and review of Wendell Berry's book, "The Unsettling of America".
1,777 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview and discussion of Wendell Berry's book about the plight of American farmers and our responsibility for stewardship of the land. The paper concludes that the arguments presented in "The Unsettling of America" about our duty to protect and keep the land are very persuasive, but that Berry must also provide some insight into how we are to go about doing so.
From the Paper
"What should worry all of us is that the farmer is going the way of flypaper, and is being replaced by the agricultural corporation, with computers and agri-science experts to know just how much fertilizer and weed killers the ground can take, and how much production it will take to get beef cattle to market quicker than before. Farming, he implies, has become mass merchandising, and by people who generally wouldn't use some of the products they merchandise."
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Prescribed Fires.
This paper discusses the use of prescribed fires to help control the ecosystem.
1,160 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains prescribed fires are relatively small brush fires, carefully planned and executed, which help the ecosystem by recycling nutrients from old wood and leaves, by controlling insect populations and by preparing the soil for new trees and grasses. The author points out that prescribed fires are not always beneficial because, when conditions are wrong, prescribed fire can severely damage the very resource it was intended to benefit. The paper relates that resource managers have learned to manipulate fire-caused changes in plant and animal communities to meet their needs and those of humankind, while at the same time preserving underlying natural processes and functions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
How it Works
Pros and Cons
Using Small Fires to Prevent Big Fires
The Slash and Burn Method
Concerns
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Older areas of timber or brush often have significantly more bare ground beneath the older trees because of the increased competition for both water and nutrients. This bare ground is subject to erosion during heavy rains or rapid snow melting, resulting in a loss of soil from the area and increased loadings of sediment in downstream areas. As with wildlife habitat, fire can be utilized to create openings and reduce the density of these older, decadent areas, allowing grasses and shrubs to move back in. The increase in grasses and shrubs can help hold both water and soils in place, reducing the overland flow of water, the loss of soil, and the sedimentation of streams."
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Life Cycle Analysis of Banana, 2006.
An analysis of the problems of increased banana consumption. The paper explains the storage, transportation, distribution, consumption and waste disposal in banana production. The paper includes a discussion on the environmental burden.
2,810 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that life cycle assessment is a tool to assess the extent of burden caused on the environment by a commodity (in this case, bananas). The main environmental concerns when growing bananas is the use of land and water. The greater the demand for the product, the more quality and quantity of fertilizers and pesticides are needed, the use of which causes the soil quality to deteriorate. The paper uses tables to show the uses and consequences of resources used in the production, storage and distribution of bananas. In conclusion, the writer recommends that environmentally friendly modes of transportation should be used to transport commodities like bananas and that proper planning based on demand and supply analysis would prevent the need for storage and consequent refrigeration, thereby using less electricity.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Life Cycle Analysis of Banana
- Definition of Problem
Inputs and Outputs of Banana
1. Cultivation
Table - I Inputs for Banana
2. Storage After the Yield
3. Mass Transportation
Table - II Inputs for Mass Transportation of Bananas
4. Sub - Storage Before the Distribution
5. Distribution at the Retail Outlets
6. Storage at Retail Outlets & Sales
7. Consumption & Disposal of Waste
Discussion on the Environmental Burden
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Year after year harvesting of crops and plantation deteriorates the soil quality and as a result of this the nutrient content of the plants and crops falls below the required level. Thirteen elements are absolutely essential for the growth, development and maturation of plants. ( HLS Tandon, 1995) These are: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Calcium, Magnesium, Boron, Chlorine, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum and Zinc. Repeated harvests cause depletion of these element contents in the soil and necessitate the use of fertilizers. The plantations are to be protected against the diseases caused by warms and pests by using pesticides. Over the years the requirement of these chemicals in harvesting of almost all types of crops and plants are increasing with the increasing demand for food items. The commercial companies around the globe exploting this rise in demand of fertilizer and pesticides. They invent new products and aggressively marketing them and producing them in mass quantity in their facilities located around the globe. The manufacturing, storage, transportation and use of hazardous chemicals for manufacturing these fertilizer and pesticides imposes lot of environmental burden. The emissions hazardous chemical gases from these facilities pollute the atmosphere depriving the humane being one of their vital needs of fresh air for breathing. The people living around thee facilities and the workers apply these fertilizer and pesticides to the plants, manufacturing, transporting are all affected by these chemicals and develop serious health problems. The liquid effluents send out from these facilities cause eutrophication and acidification of lakes and other water resources. (Gilbert M. Masters, 1995). These effluents mix oxygen-demanding wastes and water born diseases creating pathogens in to water resources. Artificial production of the thirteen elements discussed earlier is one of the reasons for the increase in Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) in the water resources near to these facilities."
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European vs Aboriginal Attitudes to Land, 2006.
A study of the Aboriginal rights to look after the land of Australia.
2,103 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author questions the right of the "white" Europeans to take over and destroy the good soil of Australia.He questions the actions of the white Australians and highlights the history and rights of the Aborigines to his land, quoting many sources. The paper concludes that the Aborigines know the land better and he justifies their right to look after the land and not let it be destroyed.
From the Paper
" The problem with those of us who consider ourselves "civilized" and "up to date" is that we specialize, first in genocide, then in the rape of nature, and then create new specialties to repair the damage. Before the Europeans came, the Aborigines had no worries about the Ozone layer, or mastering a driver's test. Cricket, to them, was the sound of Nature at work, not some distant test match."
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The Evolutionary Battle Between Farmers and Pests, 2006.
An historical overview of the agricultural sector's struggle with pests.
2,170 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the attempts by the agricultural sector to contain pest plagues, which every year threaten the destruction of farmers' economic viability. The author provides an historical overview of the relationship between pests and agriculture, focusing on artificial or chemical means to control pest plagues. The paper also examines the dangers of these remedies to the environment and explores alternative means, such as organic farming.
From the Paper
"In order to reach yield levels that even come close to satisfying the food demands of the population and that also make farming economically viable, farmers developed, through necessity, a dependence on chemical fertilizers, modern machinery, pesticides, and the science of agriculture. Farmers walk a tightrope on a daily basis to remain financially solvent in the face of weather disasters, pest infestations, and fluctuating market prices. Any crop loss can have severe economic repercussions, and in the arena of pest plagues, unless a constant battle is waged, disaster is certain. Insects multiply at such a high rate that several generations of an insect species can hatch, develop, mature, and reproduce within a single crop season. There is no doubt that crop devastation due to pests is a grave concern."
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Biodiesel, 2005.
This paper discusses biodiesel, a mono alkalyl ester of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats processed and refined for use as a fuel in diesel engines, and its associated problems.
3,990 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that biodiesel is a revolutionary change and therefore has a revolutionary effect on the cultural, social, political, economic and health aspects of society. The author points out that, although biodiesel is claimed to be "green", with minimum pollutions, this fuel has some known toxicity, which is more lethal than the regular diesel. The paper relates that another objection with the biodiesel production is the use of massive land for the commercial purpose; however, conventional techniques of farming and the modifications propagated for the farmer's well-being could counteract this problem.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Coping with the Materials
The Financial Factor
Substituting Fuel with Food
Starvation and Biodiesel
The Land and Farming
Biodiesels and Toxicity Complains
The Cultural Dynamics
Political Issues and Taxation
Experimental Outcome
High in the Sky
Summary
Suggestions
Social Responses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Despite, the efficacy and proficiency of the fuel, there are some problems associated with its usage. First, is the compatibility of the diesel with the material of the pipes used, through which the diesel flows. The O ring and hoses made of rubber which are the parts of gasket made before early 90's were of a nature to get shrunk with the use of such gas. These materials got dissolved by the degradable bio agents in the gas and have to be replaced by Viton or other type of Biodiesel compatible materials. This highly viscous biochemical has a tendency to clean out old carbon sludge from a fuel tank of an older vehicle, resulting in severely clogged fuel filter, so whenever and older vehicle is used, it became necessary to check its fuel filter intermittently. The most pronouncing problem linked to Biodiesel is that it solidifies at freezing temperatures. In a temperature below than 40 [degrees] F, the biodiesel should be made warm, blended with cold- weather anti-gel additive or mixed with normal synthetic diesel."
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Food Quality, 2006.
A paper on the position held by the American Farm Bureau regarding the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996.
1,439 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the American Farm Bureau's position that the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) can be be met without
restricting or canceling the safe use of pesticides. The paper explains that the FQPA, designed and implemented by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), restricts the use of certain pesticides on any food crops raised in the U.S. and that the Farm Bureau holds that the FQPA must be also be implemented in a manner that will ensure farmers and ranchers continuous access to safe and affordable crop protection.
From the Paper
"The American Farm Bureau supports H. R. 1592, the Regulatory Fairness and Openness Act of 1999. This bill provides for guidance for all EPA limitations or cancellations of pesticides. It requires the EPA to submit a written report identifying areas where assumptions were used when data was insufficient for making tolerance decisions. It also requires the identification of any alternatives to the particular pesticides under review. The EPA must use actual data from scientific research before modifying or revoking tolerances of these pesticides."
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Water Rights and American Farmers, 2006.
An examination of the issue of subsidized water rights as relating to American farmers.
1,758 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economic hardships facing American agricultural workers and farmers. It explains that recent persistent efforts of the national government to force American producers into a world market with little or no protection from competitive, subsidized production from other countries clearly illustrates one need to bargain for fair prices for American production. It discusses how farmers are entitled to the right to operate profitably and to extract the dollars needed to do so from the marketplace. The paper points out that the water rights are one of the ways that American farmers are helped by the government.
I. Water Rights Defined
A. Impact of Water Rights on Farmers
II. Water Issues and the Agricultural Industry
A. Farming Industry's Potential Regulatory Burden
B. EPA Strategy
C. Farming's "Side" of the Story
1. Potential Hardships Faced
III. Role of Agricultural Industry in Improved Water Quality
A. Benefits of Farming Innovations
B. Advantageous Farm Programs
1. Environmental and Economic Consideration
IV. Summary and Conclusion
V. Bibliography
From the Paper
" A water right is a legal right to use surface or ground water, as per the provisions of a particular federal or state Water Use Act . A water right allows a specific amount of water from a specific water source to be diverted, impounded, or withdrawn for a specific use. When a water right is granted, it becomes appurtenant to the land where the water is being used, for as long as the water is used. In some states where water naturally occurs as a common property resource, the landowners do not have automatic rights to either ground or surface water. In these cases, for example, if a farmer has a creek running through his property, he will need a water right to protect his use. Using water without a permit or certificate does not give the user a legal right to use the water."
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The American Farm Bureau, 2004.
A discussion regarding the American Farm Bureau and the quality of our food.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper debates the continuation of the American Farm Bureau (AFB)and examines the influence of the AFB on the quality of our food. The paper discusses the problems that arose for the AFB, after the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act. The paper also claims that the Regulatory Fairness and Openness Act did not fulfill its purpose of keeping the EPA rulings reasonable.
From the Paper
"When the Delaney clause was removed from the books in 1996, the EPA assured the Farm Bureau that it would introduce a sensible approach to measuring and regulating crop protection residues in food supplies using an approach based on scientific data. American farmers were assured that scientific assessment, not perceived risk would be the method used to determine the needed regulations to ensure the safety of our food supply. Unfortunately, the EPA determined by unscientific means that organophosphates and carbamates should no longer be used for crop protection. These chemicals are used to protect many of the fruits and vegetables and have been proven safe by means that are scientific."
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