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Mad Cow Disease, 2005.
An overview of the causes, treatment and prevention of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE).
1,438 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) is a neuro degenerative disease in a class of diseases known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE's). It looks at how BSE is caused by prions, which are related to several other TSE's and how it has been a major concern with the economy and human and animal health worldwide together with political policies. It also explores how testing, diagnosis and prevention of BSE and other TSE's are still under investigation.
From the Paper
"vCJD also affects humans, but differs from CJD. Symptoms include depression, mood swings, anxiety, withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, parasthesia ("pins and needles"), headaches, cold extremities, lack of coordination, loss of memory, loss of concentration, inability to talk or move, and results in death after 7-24 months, averaging 14 months.(7) It affects people ages 8-14.(7) 156 confirmed or probable cases have been reported worldwide as of April 2004. 146 of these cases were reported in Great Britain, 6 in France, and one in each Italy, Ireland, United States, and Canada. (7)Treatment for this disease includes chlorpromazine and quainacrine, but only experimentally."
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The Commodity Trade in Agriculture, 2005.
Examines the commodity trade in agriculture and the different policies affecting it.
2,683 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Agriculture, once a means of survival in America, has now become an industry, which generates millions of dollars a year. Before agriculture, humankind relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering in the wild to survive. People were known as hunters and gatherers, but soon became farmers. Once farming was introduced, humans were able to become much more sedentary because they did not have to move from place to place looking for sustenance. This paper shows that, once human creativity was unleashed, Americans began to understand the magnitude of profit and livelihood that agriculture held. To understand the full magnitude of the agriculture commodity trade, this paper examines the history of the trade, the policies/programs affecting the trade, and the standards set for the trade before it can be sold.
From the Paper
"As long as human beings are in need of food to survive, the agricultural commodity trade will exist. Agriculture today is a complex system of production, distribution, research, and marketing. People desire option and depend on other people as well as other nations to supply them with a variety of product. The United States has a stable position in the agricultural commodity trade and this will remain stable with the right programs and policies put into action. Technology has helped stabilize the agricultural commodity trade in America and other advanced countries. Threats of drought, under-production, and other natural disasters have been lowered. After learning about the history of the trade as well as the policies and programs affecting the trade, it is easy to conclude that it is important to the U.S. economy. Compliance with policies and programs will only help farmers remain in competition to become profitable."
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Wildfire Prevention through Logging, 2003.
An examination of the "Healthy Forests Initiative".
2,214 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
In 2002, the Bush administration announced the "Healthy Forests Initiative," a plan to reduce the risk of forest fires through logging. This paper critically examines the initiative, its advantages and disadvantages, and the effects it may have on the environment.
From the Paper
"Our environment and related issues have been of importance throughout recorded history. On a grand scale, countless wars have been fought over environmental concerns, most prominently resources. We depend on our environment for survival; if we destroy it, we have destroyed ourselves. Something so important is of course a matter of great concern to a government that is responsible for its people. Unfortunately, the United States government also has economic concerns. Often these two issues bear significance to each other, but it is rare that the two are reconciled or balanced. More often, one triumphs at the expense of the other."
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Ethical Decisions for the Common Farmer, 2003.
A discussion of ethical decisions for the common farmer concerning agricultural change in a technological era.
2,405 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the ethical decisions that farmers are forced to make. Since the introduction of GMOs (genetically modified organisms), globalization, new technologies, and agribusiness, farmers are either forced to sell out or jump on the global bandwagon. The paper discusses the role of politics and biotechnology, including specific discussions about Monsanto and other biotech companies, in modern day farming. The effects of specific GMOs are examined along with economic advantages and environmental disadvantages of using biotech products.
From the Paper
"The influence of technology and economic growth on agriculture is an issue that has been widely examined for years. Growing world populations and the need to increase productivity have put a strain on the common practices of farming. Since antiquity, the general public has depended on the productivity of farmers for food. Globalization and economics have forced an increase in the demand of agricultural products. With the development of these demands, corporations and government agencies have introduced ideas for better and more efficient production of foods."
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PCB Contamination, 2004.
An analysis of the issues involved in PCB contamination and possible solutions.
1,007 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a full overview of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB). The paper presents background information on PCBs, including their sources, cleanup efforts, stakeholders, and similar toxins. The paper emphasizes environmental and water quality applications.
From the Paper
"Advances in the treatment of affected aquatic systems have been made and PCB contamination is becoming less widespread. The stakeholders associated with this issue are large electrical companies like White-Westinghouse and General Electric and biotechnology corporations such as the Monsanto Company. The electric companies needed a chemical that could be used for industrial cooling and the Monsanto Company used their technology to create this chemical. (Schmidt,48)"
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Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism, 2004.
An explanation of the causes and treatments of NSH.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
A research paper on Equine Nutritional Secondary Hyperparathryroidism (NSH). Discusses causes of the disease, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. The paper includes many references from medical and veterinary journals, Internet sites, and research on the topic. The writer also interviewed some experts in the field to gain an understanding on this disease.
From the Paper
"Calcium and phosphorus, two very important minerals, make up approximately 70% of the total mineral content in the equine body. Most people, including young children, have seen the milk commercials on television that inform their viewer of the important role that calcium plays in creating strong, healthy bones. Calcium plays this role in many species and is especially important in large breed animals such as the horse, who is often asked to perform hard work and athletically challenging tasks. In addition to creating strong bones in the equine body, calcium is also important for several metabolic functions such as nerve conductions and muscle contractions. Without a sufficient amount of calcium, the horse?s bones would grow weak and he would be at greater risk for injury. Due to the importance of these vital functions of calcium, the equine?s body closely regulates the levels of calcium in the bloodstream. Vitamin D and hormones such as the parathyroid hormone (PTH) play an important part in maintaining adequate calcium levels in the blood stream. When there is not enough calcium in the horse?s diet the PTH begins to break down calcium from the bones, which store 99% of the body?s calcium, and moves it into the bloodstream. When there is a long-term deficiency of calcium in the equine?s diet, significant re-absorption of bone can occur, which can lead to decreased bone strength and density, or abnormal bone formation. Many racetrack injuries, laminitis, and tendonitis have been attributed to inadequate calcium in the diet of young racehorses. Even if there is adequate calcium, a large concentration of other minerals such as phosphorus will decrease the absorption of calcium. Thus, there must be a balanced ratio of these minerals. If improper Ca:P levels in the diet continue for an extended period of time, serious problems such as nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism will develop.
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Color Genetics in Horses, 2003.
An essay that explores the genetics of equine coloring.
2,648 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an explanation of the genetics involved in breeding a certain color horse. Colors covered include black, chestnut, Mealy/Pangare, the dilutes, mixed patterns and the white patterns. The paper includes many photographs.
From the Paper
"The Classic Roan gene affects all the bases, modifiers and dilutes but can be masked by other white pattern genes. Roan is a color pattern caused by white hairs mixing with colored hairs. There are no "Roan" hairs on a Roan horse. The resulting physical colors are usually blue or rose (black base and chestnut base) but less common colors are pale gold and almost white. The Roan gene however will usually not affect the points."
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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, 2004.
An overview of the environment and development of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
2,244 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper describes early life in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and how the environment developed. The writer explains the significance of agriculture in bringing the people to live together in villages and sustain themselves from farming near the rivers and waterways. The paper includes details of recent archaeological discoveries in the area that support the claims.
From the Paper
"Since the early years of archeological studies, it was thought that these developments occurred concurrently, meaning that they were devised and utilized at approximately the same time; however, recent archeological research has forced this view to change, for it is now clear that "Mesopotamia and its environs were far ahead of Egypt, at least temporarily, some five thousand years ago" (Snell, 178). Numerous village/farming communities in present-day Iraq date back to the mid seventh millennium B.C.E., and the remarkable fortified town of Jericho appears to be even older. In Egypt, the oldest settlements, located near the delta of the Nile River, do not seem to have been founded much before 4500 B.C.E., and furthermore, an urban society like those found in Mesopotamia seems to have never developed there."
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Farmaceuticals, 2004.
This paper discusses 'farmaceuticals', the application of the most advanced biotechnology to the most basic methods of agriculture, hence 'farming'.
1,545 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 'farmaceuticals' developed from transgenics, the implantation of DNA into a plant or animal to change some attribute of the product that plant or animal produces. The author points out that farmaceuticals will contribute to ending world hunger by creating farm crops and animals with higher-than-usual loads of various nutrients, which are prepared and eaten like any other similar food item. The paper relates that transgenic animals or crops can be used to produce drugs, properly called biopharmaceuticals, but many people use the terms 'biopharmaceuticals' and 'farmaceuticals' interchangeably.
From the Paper
"This second sort of farmaceutical may indeed have a great effect on the human condition merely because in some instances, producing needed pharmaceuticals through farmaceuticls is less expensive than producing the same compounds in the laboratory. Currently, one of the biggest of these farmaceutical programs is at GTC Biotherapeutics in Framingham, Massachusetts, where scientists are breeding goats and cows to carry genes for therapeutic proteins. (Therapeutic proteins include such compounds as monoclonal antibodies, which help the immune system by recognizing and binding to alien object in the body.) GTC can create a herd of transgenic goats for about $100m, a third of the cost of building a protein production facility of the old-fashioned sort with petrie dishes and so on. That method of creating the proteins costs about $150 a gram. Using goats and cows, it is estimated that?when this method finally gets underway?it may cost as little as $1 to $2 a gram for the same proteins. Since these compounds are used to treat expensive and deadly diseases such as cancer, this sort of farmaceutical could indeed be a boon to humanity."
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Genetically Modified Organism, 2004.
This essay discusses the scientific, economic and social implications of genetically modified food to feed a hungry world.
2,376 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The paper begins with a discussion of severe arable land degradation and how genetic modification works. Various methods of genetic modification methods are provided, with references from scientific sources. The essay moves on to discuss impact of genetic engineering on maize gene pool and possible scenarios. Also mentioned is the down side of engineering plants to produce pesticides. Various fears of unknown effects from GMO are stated with case studies. Lastly, the essay addresses ethical and political reasons for and against GMO.
From the Paper
"Food is a crucial factor in supporting life on earth, but with the extremely fast rates of population growth, many wonder how long will it be before human consumption exceeds food production. Already, erosion and nutrient depletion has taken its toil on food production, with nearly 40 percent of the world?s arable land seriously degraded (Robbins, 2001). In the early 1990s, a new science called Genetic Engineering came up with a possible solution."
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The Protea, 2004.
An analysis of the protea, the national flower of South Africa.
2,000 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the national flower of South Africa, the protea. The paper begins by explaining why the flower was chosen as the floral emblem in 1962. The paper then shows where and how the flower grows and what family it belongs to. The writer then mentions some of the other flowers in the protea family and describes them in detail. The paper explains why the protea is so important in South Africa and has come to represent the very nature of the nation.
From the Paper
"The king protea (Protea cynaroides) is the national flower of South Africa. The king protea was first seriously considered for South Africa's official national floral emblem in 1962, when a commission was set up to study its use as a national emblem. The South African Association of Botanists supported the choice of the spectacular flower, the king protea, however the choice of the flower as the national floral emblem did not officially occur until 1975 (SA Embassy). The king protea is the largest member of the proteas. King proteas can reach close to two meters in height, and the flower itself can be up to 30 cm across. The king protea (Protea cynaroids) is generally pink or crimson in its outer bracts, which are covered with silky hairs."
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Developing Agriculture, 2004.
This is a paper on agriculture in less developed nations.
934 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly explains that there are many issues facing underdeveloped nations today. It examines whether these countries should give up their agriculture sector in order to become well-developed nations.
From the Paper
"There are several factors which have a negative impact on the agriculture industry. There are few paved roads to transport the goods, creating a longer delivery time to the markets, and a high rate of spoilage. Erosion and deforestation are reducing the amount of cultivatable acreage, bad weather such as drought or flooding can devastate entire crops, and lack of irrigation systems in these areas can result in a shortened growing season."
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