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Evolution of Mathematics, 1993.
Ancient Greece to 1990s. Major figures & discoveries of mathematics. Looks at principles, calculus, physics, specialization and algebra. Compares the attitude differences between U.S and Japan.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 16 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
" The Evolution of Mathematics:
The American and Japanese Perspectives
Elementary forms of mathematics have probably been with man throughout his evolution. As human societies advanced, so too did mathematics. From the 1500s to the present, a long lineage of mathematicians have revolutionized the field. These men were often of European origin. Only in the last century has the United States and Japan emerged as dominant mathematical forces. At present, either of these nations could lead the field into the future.
The first systems of numeration were invented by the Greeks and the Romans (Struik, 1987, p. 80.81). Later, the Western merchant, Leonardo of Pisa, introduced the Hindu.Arabic system of numeration into Western Europe. Europeans came to accept these.."
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Learning Theories and Math, 1993.
A description of behaviorist, cognitive and humanistic approaches and the application to teaching math to children.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Application of Learning Theories in Early Childhood Mathematics
The major theories of learning which underlie curriculum planning in the schools are generally classified into three groups: behaviorism, cognitive development, and phenomenology or humanistic psychology. Each of these schools of thought arose from distinct philosophies and individuals who developed the theories within the philosophies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the major learning theories, the psychologists representing each group, the learning implications for each learning theory, and a representative mathematics curriculum for early childhood applying the various learning theories.
Behaviorism is the oldest learning theory, and it continues to be popular in the United States. Psychologists Thorndike..."
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"How To Lie With Statistics", 1993.
A summary of this work on biases, averaging, graphs, figures and their abuse.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the nonfiction book How to Lie with Statistics by Darrell Huff. The plan of the research will be to set forth the main ideas of the book as a chapter-by-chapter summary of the important ideas, including examples of misleading uses of statistics of the type presented.
The Sample with the Built-In Bias. Statistical measurement begins with assembling a credible sample of respondents on which to base conclusions that can be generalized from the sample to the population. There are two factors to consider: whether the respondents are truly representative of what is being measured, and whether the respondents tell the truth when they are asked questions. Both features of a sample may contribute to bias in the reporting of information. Huff cites a survey in which voters in 1936 were asked over the phone predict election ..."
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Teaching Mathematics in Saudi Arabia, 1993.
Research proposal for teaching math skills in Saudi Arabia to children at the same grade level, but at variable degrees of proficiency, using individualized instruction.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Teaching Mathematics to Elementary Children in Saudi Arabia With the Use of Individualized Instruction
Background of the Problem
While Christian Europe was slumbering through the darkness of the Middle Ages, the Middle East experienced its own renaissance of the arts and sciences, including mathematics. It is, after all, the Arabs who invented the concept of zero, along with Arabic numerals, and developed a sophisticated system of mathematics before the scientific revolution entered the European continent. This scientific outpouring did not last, however, and much of the Middle Eastern civilization that developed during the early Islamic period declined into quiescence (Nyrop, 1977)."
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"A History of Mathematics in America before 1900" (David Smith and Jekuthiel Ginsburg), 1992.
Summarizes and reviews the work on the uses, development and leading figures of math in the U.S.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"A History of Mathematics in America before 1900
A History of Mathematics in America before 1900 was written by David Eugene Smith and Jekuthiel Ginsburg and published by The Mathematical Association of America in cooperation with The Open Court Publishing Company in 1934. It is one of a series of monographs entitled, The Carus Mathematical Monographs.
The book is organized historically, covering the uses of mathematics, the development of mathematics instruction and research, and discussion of the important names in mathematics in America from the earliest settlement to the year 1900. The book is divided into four chapters, each chapter dealing with a particular time period in chronological order. The authors closely relate the development of mathematics in this country to the development of education and instruction of math, with ..."
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Babylonian Theory of Polynomials, 1992.
A look at the ancient civilization's contributions to the evolution of mathematical theory.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine the Babylonian theory of polynomials. The plan of the research will be to set forth the historical and cultural context in which the Babylonian approach to developing equation theory emerged, and then to discuss the ways in which the theory could have evolved across ancient cultures toward modern interpretations of the authentic character and importance of equations. As appropriate, reference will be made to the assessments of the Babylonian contribution to the body of mathematical thought as it may have impacted upon subsequent mathematical theory.
One may begin a discussion of the authentic nature of Babylonian theory of polynomials--not by saying what it is but by suggesting what it is not, which is an equivalent of purely theoretical explorations of the mathematical universe that were..."
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Content Analysis, 1991.
The use of statistical methods to analyze documents. Includes development, applications, techniques and positive and negative references.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"A constant goal of sociologists and other social-science researchers is to determine objective, or relatively objective, ways of measuring something that is inherently very far from "objective," namely human (individual or social) attitudes and actions. One such technique is content analysis, or the use of statistical methods to analyze the contents of documents--usually written documents of one sort or another, though transcripts of speech, television shows, and other nonpaper "documents" can also be subjected to content analysis. In the simplest instance, content analysis may be performed by counting and tabulating the occurrence of particular words in a document. If, for example, a given document has frequent references to "God," "Christ," and "salvation," as compared to other documents, we might reasonably infer that the document is somehow concerned with Christian..."
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"The History of Calculus" by Carl B. Boyer, 1991.
This paper reviews "The History of Calculus" by Carl B. Boyer, the evolution and philosophy of this mathematical discipline.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine "The History of Calculus" by Carl B. Boyer. The plan of the research will be to set forth the general ideas in the book, and then to explore details contained in the book that summarize the concepts of calculus that Boyer wants to emphasize.
Boyer's The History of the Calculus is put forward as one of the few histories of how the discipline of calculus evolved, apart from an explanation of how to use it mathematically. It is by positioning the ideas of mathematics and philosophy that influenced calculus that Boyer gradually moves toward an explanation of how calculus can actually be used and applied. The background of Boyer's approach appears to be the idea that a richer understanding of how calculus came to "be" in the world of ideas can lead to an understanding of how it can be employed in ... "
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Statistical Analysis Applied to Unemployment Problems, 1990.
This paper explains the application of statistical procedures to the solution of a realistic problem; in this paper, the U.S. unemployment problem.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
'The purpose of this research is to explain the application of statistical procedures to the solution of a realistic problem. In this instance, the problem is related to the domestic economy of the United States.
THE PROBLEM
The level of unemployment is a matter of significant concern to both the general public and political leaders. In order to develop effective policies to address the unemployment issue, it is necessary to understand how the unemployment rate is related to other factors. It is this problem which is addressed in this research.
HYPOTHESES
A total of six hypotheses were formulated for, and tested in ... "
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Mathematics In Bilingual and Bicultural Areas, 1980.
This paper analyzes the study of mathematics in bilingual and bicultural environments including cultural and teaching impact., particularly in the Mexican-American communities.: games, cooking, telling time, bookkeeping number stories.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 10 sources, $ 55.95
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"The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the uses of mathematics in bilingual/bicultural environments, with specific applications as well as in specific communities.
Because of the Supreme Court decision (1974 Lau vs. Nichols) bilingual education is now mandatory (McNichols 111-15). Mathematics is an ever present, recurring part of daily life. This provides an excellent opportunity for the inclusion of bilingual/bicultural aspects in mathematics.
Because of this decision it now becomes essential to train bilingual teachers in all academic subjects and at all academic levels, including preschool. The states of California, New Mexico, Florida, Pennsylvania, Alaska, Arizona, Illinois, New York, Maine, Connecticut, and Colorado are "working toward ... "
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Behavior Analysis, 2002.
An analysis of an article by Davison, McCarthy, and Jensen, ?Component Probability and Component Reinforcer Rate as Biasers of Free ? Operant Detection", focusing on the issue of behavior analysis.
1,221 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper is a written summary, including a discussion of the article ?Component Probability and Component Reinforcer Rate as Biasers of Free ? Operant Detection? by Michael Davison, Diane McCarthy, and Chris Jensen. The paper outlines the article, which is a series of experiments relating to behavior analysis in general, specifically the matching law and signal detection theory. The paper presents and summarizes the series of experiments designed by McCarthy et al., including all observations, results, and conclusions.
From the Paper
"This series of experiments was designed to test the applicability of the signal ? detection model of Davison and Tustin (1978) in free operant detection under two biasing manipulations. The first was variation of component frequency (The probability of presenting S1, a bright light, over S2, a dim light), which was varied in experiments 1a and 2a. The second manipulation was variation of the within-component reinforcer rates (reinforcement schedules one each key) in experiments 1b and 2b. Each variable was varied while holding the others constant."
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