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Bridge Management, 2004.
This paper is an extensive discussion of a systems approach to decision- making in bridge management systems worldwide, especially in the UK.
19,945 words (approx. 79.8 pages), 43 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, inevitably, bridges deteriorate over time at different rates: Timely maintenance activities, which are well-planned and carried out with minimal disruption to road users can present substantial savings in terms of both time and money for both bridge owners and road users. The author ponts out that, to tackle the complicated issues regarding bridge management, research activities in the UK as well as other countries in continental Europe concentrate largely on the bridge management process, with attention given to improving the use of limited finances to maximize the returns from the maintenance and repair of the bridge stock as well as reduce additional costs due to traffic delays and lane closures for these activities. The paper includes a critical review of other BMSs used worldwide, development of models to predict bridge condition over time, analysis of the various road user costs and using different optimizing techniques to best allocate finances and optimize bridge performance. 39 tables. 40 figures.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Objective
Bridge Conditions in the U.K.
Introduction
Maintenance and Upgrading
Expenditure
Department of Transport (DoT) Programme
What is a Bridge Management System (BMS)?
Introduction
Department of Transport Structure
Maintenance Agents
BMS in the U.K. and Other Countries
Introduction
Bridge Condition
Other Information in BMS's
Condition Prediction
Cost Models
Decision for Maintenance and Repair
Prioritization
BMS in the U.S.A.
BRIDGIT System
PONTIS System
SMIS System
Inventory
Inspection and Assessment
National Structures Programmes (NSPs)
Prioritization
Project Creation
Whole Life Assessment and Costing
Activities Schedule
Data Accuracy
Design Specifications
Access
Integration with External Systems
Bridge Inspection and Assessment
Bridge Inspection Types
Defects
Bridge Scoring
Introduction
Definitions
Bridge Condition Score (BCS)
Bridge Condition Index (BCI)
Bridge Stock Condition Index (BSCI)
Multi Span Bridges
Bridge Scoring Example
Interpreting BCS's
BCS Results
Histograms for Bridge Stock
Interpreting BCI's
BCI Results
Interpreting BSCI's
Predicting Bridge Condition with Time
Introduction
Markov Chain Approach
Example Calculation
Bridge Condition Example
Bridge Condition Results
Bridge Aggregation Example
Bridge Aggregation Results
Bridge Stock Example
Bridge Stock Results
Traffic Costs
Introduction
Traffic Count Example
Traffic Count Results
Traffic Delay Cost Examples
Delay Costs Results (1st Example)
Delay Costs Results (2nd Example)
Accident Cost Example
Accident Costs Results
Environmental Impact
Introduction
Emissions Example
Emissions Results
Decision-Making and Prioritization
Decision-making
Introduction
Prioritization
Introduction
Dynamic Programming
Budget Allocation Approach
Budget Allocation Results (1st Example)
Budget Allocation Results( 2nd Example)
Budget Allocation Results ( 3rd Example)
Improvements to Budget Allocation Approach
Introduction to BCI optimization approach
Service Potential (BCI) Examples
BCI Optimization Results (1st Example)
BCI Optimization Results (2nd Example)
BCI Optimization Results (3rd Example)
Maintenance Costs Examples
BCI Optimization Results (4th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (5th Example)
BCI Optimization Results (6th Example)
Conclusion
Future Research
From the Paper
"It is proposed that the transition probabilities to be used are the Bridge Condition Index (BCI), which operates on a linear scale of 0 (worst) to 100 (best). The degree of severity of bridges is linearly distributed over this range (i.e. BCI of 50 to 51 is the same as 90 to 91), except that costs are expected not to have a linear distribution. This is a useful approach as the BCI (average) is interpreted as 'service potential' and is used as a performance indicator.
Using the example for multi span bridges earlier on, the transition probabilities for a three-state Markov chain model with limiting stage value of 3 is proposed. The probabilities are in accordance to the BCI values for the 'good' bridge arranged in order of descending magnitude (i.e. P(1) = 0.9845 and P(2) = 0.9246). For the purposes of comparison, the other two bridges ('medium' and 'bad') are also modelled and the three are plotted together."
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Forecasting Customer Demand, 2005.
This paper discusses the planning techniques and procedures used by the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) to forecast customer demand.
1,330 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Veterans Health Administration uses aggregation, a process for clustering several similar products or services to group veteran types by age, priority level and enrollees type. It also shows how the VHA uses cost models to reflect the projected health care demand of the enrollees by preferred facility and to reflect the projected health care demands of enrollees by their county of residence. The author outlines the methodology used to develop the Veteran Enrollment, Health Care Utilization and Expenditure Projection Demand Models. The paper states that predictive forecasting customer demand models achieve for the VHA (1) an integrated healthcare plan including financial, capital assets and workforce needs to provide data-driven information for budgetary and legislative and regulatory negotiations with OMB, the President, and Congress; (2) a continuous feedback loop for VHA to assess performance and outcomes and (3) needed information for mandated reporting to Congress. Charts.
From the Paper
"The root of most business decisions is the challenge of forecasting customer demand; this function is a difficult task because the demand for goods and services can vary greatly. External factors impact the VA's demand for healthcare. External factors that affect demand for a firm's products or services are beyond management's control. For example, it is impossible to determine how world events will unfold. Those events that impact our economy and the use of our military may have a profound impact on veterans' enrollment in our health care programs as well as expenditure projections."
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Cryptography, 2005.
A discussion of the history of cryptography.
2,014 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of cryptography, explaining that it can be divided into two branches, transposition and substitution. The writer explains how knowledge of cryptography has spread and its uses today.
From the Paper
"In transposition, letters in the message is rearranged, generating it into an anagram. Transposition has a weakness in that small words have a small number of ways it can be rearranged, which makes deciphering messages with very few letters easy; deciphering messages with a large number of letters would be nearly impossible since there may be millions of combinations that the message can form. The alternative to transposition is substitution. One of the earliest uses of a substitution cipher is the Caesar Shift Cipher, where messages were encoded by replacing each letter in the alphabet with the letter three places along. A cipher or encryption method is a procedure method for altering a plaintext message into cipher text by changing the letters of the plaintext using a transformation."
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The Universe, 2005.
A look at how the universe can be defined through the theories of the pre-Socratics.
1,431 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
By using "The Presocratics", edited by Philip Wheelwright, this paper mainly concentrates on Pythagorean definitions of realities. It looks at how there is a correlation between Pythagorean and modern philosophies, primarily connected to mathematical themes. It goes into depth of defining Mandelbrot sets through math and philosophy and how it connects to ancient philosophy.
From the Paper
"There are many ways to define things that we perceive in our daily lives. We define them through science, art, language, and psychology as in many other ways. Most of the philosophies that exist today come from the 'bare bones' of pre-Socratics. They are the basis of different philosophies as well as studies and advances of our time such as astronomy, biology, physics, psychology, mathematics and many more. Pre-Socratics were the first to record their thoughts about the universe. Of how it originated, what made up the things surrounding us, the composition and elements used to make the universe."
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The Pie Chart, 2005.
Examines the use of the pie chart as a tool for data visualization in business.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
Data visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition. That, in itself, is a method or technique of decision-making. To further break it down, the most popular and widely used tool of data visualization is the pie chart. This paper presents an introduction of the pie chart and it's most common applications. It explains when it should and should not be used and provides examples in color.
From the Paper
"Pie charts work well when the values of the percentages of the whole differ greatly from each other. In other words, you do not want your pie values to be within one or two digits from each other, which would be indistinguishable on the chart to the naked eye. Another moniker for pie charts is: do not use a pie chart when there are more than six parts to the whole. Having too many values for comparison on the chart will distract from the clear simplistic message and instead offer a complex confusing assortment of data."
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Teaching Algebra Comprehension, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of graphing calculators to improve algebra comprehension in high school.
1,830 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that any tool, such as a graphing calculator, which can help students gain an improved mastery of the fundamental skills required to complete algebraic problems, must be viewed as educators as a "Good Thing"; but a consistent theme is the need to keep the material relevant in order to maintain student interest. The author points out that, although students should have the experience of entering the program commands themselves, an alternative approach is for the teacher to write the relevant on one calculator and then distribute it to students' calculators by using their linking capabilities. The paper relates that teachers can adapt the material for use with Texas Instruments (TI), Casio, Hewlett-Packard and Sharp graphing calculators.
From the Paper
"The use of graphing calculators in a comprehensive algebra curriculum has been advocated by a number of educators. For example, some currently teach their students how to solve and graph linear equations manually, give them a test on it that is worth 50 points where no calculators are allowed during the test, classwork, or homework. Afterwards, they teach students how to solve the same or similar problems using a calculator. Then they give them another test of the same topic as during which problems are to be solved only by using calculators. During chapter tests and exams, students have the freedom to choose whether to use a calculator or not. "
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Sir Isaac Newton, 2005.
This paper discusses the life and works of one of the most instrumental contributors to mathematical and scientific theory in the last few centuries, Sir Isaac Newton.
2,535 words (approx. 10.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Sir Isaac Newton advanced a whole new system of mathematics, including systems of physics and calculus, which were revolutionary during his time and continued to be
observed long after his death. The author points out that one of Newton's most significant contributions is his basic laws of motion often call Newton's Laws. The paper relates Isaac Newton would never have described himself as a 'scientist' because the word was not coined until more than a century after his death; he was a reclusive Hebrew scholar and Classicist who wrote more about alchemy and theology than the natural world, and his posthumous reputation is riddled with contradictions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Life of Mathematician
Significant Contributions
Comparison to Present System
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Newton's laws of motion can generally be described through example and demonstration and represent a continuation of thought and inquiry into questions of physics. For example, many scientists before Newton could think of explanations for the continuation of movement of a given object due to force and velocity, but could not demonstrate it in a scientific way in the same way that Newton could with his laws of
motion. Using force and velocity, Newton made important mathematical relations that showed up in real world examples. For example, if someone was riding on a horse, they were going the same speed as the horse, then their velocity remained constant, but if something changed their velocity, it would differ from the velocity of the horse, and they
may change velocity in direction of proportionate force. Newton also contributed the commonly repeated maxim that each and every force (action) has an equal and opposite force (reaction). This is a very significant contribution because it represents a basic precept of modern physics."
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Chinese-Taiwanese Relations, 2005.
This paper uses an algebraic model in conjunction with an extended strategy game to prove that the passage of Chinese Anti-Secession bill was empirically and scientifically sound.
1,812 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the dynamic history of the China-Taiwan relationship especially the controversial Chinese Anti-Secession bill, particularly Article 8, which states that, after exhausting all other avenues, China reserves the right to use military force or embargo to bring the situation with Taiwan to a close, conditional on Taiwan actually declaring independence. The author creates a game with nominal payoffs (a, b,c) creating a situation where China, assumed to be a rational actor, would most prefer, for example, say "c" but could risk getting a payoff of "b". The paper relates that, after computing the minimum threshold using expected utility formulas, arriving at a non-numerical solution, a probability value shows that China was rational in its decision to pass the bill since it saw its chances of being reprimanded by the international community as being much lower than is seen by the international community. Graphy. Formula.
From the Paper
"Those supporting Taiwan in this conflict are the US and Japan, and from this US alliance we could see countries like New Zealand and Australia come to Taiwan's aide if the US decides to invoke the conditions of the ANZUS treaty signed in 1951 . Among those supporting China's position are countries like Pakistan , North Korea, and Russia . If the bill was interpreted as a hostile war bill instead of a "fence-mending" bill as China claims it to be, the global community could formally and militarily become involved in the conflict. Setting aside this possible military threat, China must also weigh the economic consequences, with reaction from the global community that could include sanctions."
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Teaching Effectiveness, 2005.
An assessment of the avenues open to New York schools in terms of training mathematics and science instructors effectively so that there is true communication between the faculty and the students.
3,353 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at aspects of teacher training and instructional quality in the instruction of mathematics and sciences in New York State schools, concentrating primarily on students in the 7-12 grade range and ways in which teacher training and instructional quality can interact in a planned program. This program is designed to train math and science teachers in more effective uses of pedagogy and the student-centered classroom in New York schools and focuses on the implementation of technology in the classroom as related to these subjects. It begins with a literature review in which instructional methods for mathematics and science teachers are assessed. Current policy is then analyzed, including training programs in other states that have been shown to be effective in teacher training. It advocates a system in which technology in the classroom, combined with more effective teacher-student interaction and subject application, can be introduced into the educational system.
Outline
Introduction
Literature Review
Current Policy
Recommendations
Short-Term and Long-Term Benefits
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Teachers can act as advocates of technology by acknowledging their own place in the school's inherent duty to empower students and help them improve their situation in terms of heightened achievements. To help the school fulfill its mission to truly help students and enable them to overcome their disadvantages, a new paradigm of instruction is sought. This new paradigm is based on the integration of computer assisted instruction into schools, and the goal is to improve conditions and monitor achievement through the implementation of teacher-led pilot programs. Computer assisted learning can help children learn to read, learn basic mathematics, and participate purposefully in their own
educational development."
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"The Problems of Philosophy", 2004.
An analysis of Bertrand Russell's "The Problems of Philosophy" and how his theory is a plausible account of representative realism.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In chapter V of his book, "The Problems of Philosophy," originally published 1912, Bertrand Russell examined how mere humans perceived the world and how this perception occurred. This paper provides a brief biography of Russell. This is followed by a review and discussion of his analysis in "The Problems of Philosophy" to identify how he distinguishes between 'Knowledge by Acquaintance' and 'Knowledge by Description'. The paper also identifies how Russell's theory presents a plausible account of representative realism. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"To help elaborate on this component of his view, Russell says, "We shall say that we have acquaintance with anything of which we are directly aware, without the intermediary of any process of inference or any knowledge of truths." According to Russell, only the objects of immediate experience are known by acquaintance, through our direct awareness of them. Other things are known only by description, through the mediation of our apprehension of true propositions about them. For instance: "I am in a state of hunger now" may be known through acquaintance, but "Eating a pizza will relieve the state of hunger" can be known only by description. In spite of this apparently narrow extent, Bertrand maintains that knowledge by acquaintance provides the foundation for further knowledge by description, discussed further below. "
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Concepts of Beauty, 2003.
Examines why fashion models are admired in society today.
2,024 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
Notwithstanding the adage, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder," to explain why some humans appear more attractive than others, this paper provides a review of the relevant literature to identify what scientific basis there is for making determinations of beauty and how this can be applied to fashion models today. A discussion of the criticisms being directed against beauty pageants and their directors is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"We have all seen it: the New Miss America proudly walking down the runway, tears streaming down her humble face as she displays her crown and scepter -- showing the whole world exactly what it takes to be considered "beautiful." Some researchers, though, say the swimsuit-and-scholarship competition promotes an "ideal of female undernutrition" by crowning ever-skinnier contestants. A member of the staff at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health said, "Clearly there is a trend toward undernourished winners." In a recent analysis published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, scientists examined the decline in body mass index (BMI) scores among contest winners since first Miss America won the title in 1921. The winner of that contest had a BMI of 20.4. The "BMI reflects a person's weight divided by height to arrive at a number indicative of weight-related health" (Vergano, 2002, n. pag.)."
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Inferential Statistics vs. Single Case Designs, 2004.
This paper compares inferential statistics to single case designs and comments on the usefulness of each of these techniques for the practitioner.
1,117 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The current paper comments on a quote by J.M Johnson and H.S Pennypacker that compares inferential statistics to single case designs. It discusses how the statement in question calls to account psychology as a science to abandon a traditional reliance on inferential statistics and group design research and to support its practical focus on the individual with reliance on more individually focused research.
From the Paper
"Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). This type of research is the most widely used in psychology, with the majority of published studies in this field relying solely on the use of group comparisons. The major argument for the use of inferential statistics is that it increases the external validity of the study and increases the likelihood of the results generalising to other people. These results are gathered by statistical inference where various methods of calculation are used to find a central tendency within a group. The variability of the results between subjects are often explained by measurement error or extraneous variability because well conducted group research introduces the only variability deliberately as an intervention designed to examine and measure its effect(s) on subjects (Hayes, Barlow & Nelson-Gray, 1999)."
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