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"Epperson v. Arkansas", 2008.
This paper examines the "Epperson v. Arkansas" case that claimed the statute privileging creationism and banning evolution was a violation of the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution.
993 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper provides a brief synopsis of the 1968 case, "Epperson v. Arkansas," which challenged the constitutionality of a state law forbidding the teaching of evolutionary theory. The paper outlines the arguments put forward by both sides of the case, details both positive and negative reactions to the outcome and describes the decision of the Supreme Court. The paper ultimately concludes that the ruling was just and in keeping with the letter and spirit of the Establishment Clause.
From the Paper
"Few areas of jurisprudence are more controversial than matters involving the proper relationship between religion and public policy. In fact, rarely has this tension been more apparent than in the controversial case of Epperson v. Arkansas whereby the constitutionality of a state law privileging creationism while banning evolution was brought before the Supreme Court. The statute in question which sparked the controversy was challenged in 1968 by Susan Epperson, an Arkansas high school teacher who challenged the statute as a violation of the Establishment Clause of the United States Constitution. According to the court record, Epperson instituted her action first in the Chancery Court of Arkansas, seeking a declaration from the court that the statute was void while enjoining the State of Arkansas and defendant officials from dismissing her from her job for violating the terms of the statute."
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Armed Robbery Laws, 2006.
An analysis of the suggestion to increase sentencing for the offense of armed robbery.
1,256 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines if the recommendation toward altering sentencing laws for the offense of armed robbery is valid. It explains that this recommendation is viewed as a means of providing a stronger deterrence to the crime of armed robbery, as well as providing the possibility of sending a message to offenders that this type of crime will not be tolerated throughout society. The writer notes that doubling the base sentence at this time would then set up a situation in which the final punishment is significantly greater than the crime. The writer believes that the intent to alter the basic sentence for armed robbery be halted at this time. The writer further suggests that changes in the basic sentencing for armed robbery may prove to be unconstitutional in relation to excessive sentencing, allowing the guilty to be released and the purpose of any type of legislation in regard to this issue to fail to meet its objectives.
From the Paper
"Armed robbery is considered a serious offense because of the various factors that can be present during the process of the criminal act, to include loss of life due to the presence of a weapon. While there may be changes requested to the sentencing in relation to certain crimes, the Federal Sentencing Guidelines provide the basis by which judges may impose sentence, and until recently this document has served as a mandatory issue in the sentencing in relation to all criminal acts."
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Alcoholism and Police Officers, 2008.
This paper reviews the issue of alcoholism among police officers.
1,628 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the correlation between occupational stress and alcoholism. The writer discusses what police departments can do to mitigate the spread of alcoholism among its officers. The writer also looks at how alcoholism among police officers impacts local communities and tears at the fabric of police families. The paper then suggests what educational and diversionary approaches should be put in place in order to thwart alcoholism from becoming an insuperable problem that can ruin lives and drive a wedge between police/community relations.
From the Paper
"Another thing that Nordlicht's study reveals is just how toxic can be the unreasonable and unhealthy expectations foisted upon police officers by an authoritarian command structure that demands unblinking obedience, a "stiff" facade, and emotional distance in almost all circumstances. Clearly, police administrators who fear that their officers are succumbing to alcoholism need to look closely at how they expect officers to act with one another and with the general public; in other words, if police officers are expected by their superiors to be severe, emotionally withdrawn, fairly unapproachable, and relatively uncommunicative with the public and with each other, then emotional problems can begin to well up as the stresses of the job - stresses which demand that officers confide in someone - start to exact their toll. Consequently, police officials should make every effort to create a collegial atmosphere wherein communication is valued; at the same time, they should also institute community policing programs (if they have not done so already) that bring police officers more nearly into contact with community members. By doing this, by establishing a cooperative relationship with the local neighborhood or precinct, police officers can break down whatever barriers may exist between themselves and the public and make their days a little less stressful simply because they have personal relationships in place now that make their jobs just a little bit easier. Without question, steps such as these will lessen the stresses which can make turning to drink an attractive option."
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Suicide in America, 2008.
This paper evaluates the ethics and morality of suicide within modern American society.
1,210 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This study examines the ethical and moral arguments that support or decline the validity of suicide within modern American society. By examining the role of assisted suicide for suffering patients, the autonomy of a person's own body argues that the law has no right to interfere with the rational taking of one's own life. In contrast, the writer maintains that the morality of the law often denies a person's self-autonomy due to the religious and ethical background of the American legal apparatus. In essence, these two contradicting points of view are analyzed within this ethical and moral evaluation of suicide in modern American society.
From the Paper
"Although the law makes it possible for a person to terminate life with the consent of a family member, the issue of self-autonomy and the right to life is deferred on religious morality and within the criterion of the Hippocratic Oath that many doctors adhere to in their medical code of ethics. These are the major factors that define how American law perceives suicide and how it can be dine within the parameters of social morality and ethical standards. Often, the basis of religious or medical ethics provide the legal standards that often enforce a lack of self-autonomy on the part of patient's to choose their own suicide. By understanding the basis of law, one can now examine the counter arguments for suicide that detail the right to live or die through a person's own bodily autonomy."
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Law and Economics and Zoning, 2006.
An examination of zoning and how it affects economics.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economic perception of zoning as somehow infringing on the rights of property owners and indirectly interfering with the free market. It explains that some researchers disagree with this perception and say that the primary criticisms directed towards zoning are that zoning is unfair to some property owners to a greater degree than others and therefore inherently biased, and that zoning adds unnecessary and often excessive transaction costs that in effect are economic externals. The writer notes that not having any controls on the economic development of a region would result in commercial activity being developed in or near residential neighborhoods that would negatively impact housing values of all the surrounding neighborhoods. The writer believes that zoning is in itself useful and necessary but there should be a bargaining element introduced that removes sole decisive power from the municipality to one degree or another. The writer concludes that currently there is no alternative to any zoning decision made by municipalities and this is not necessarily good either.
From the Paper
"Many economists consider zoning a response to population growth and specifically urban sprawl in that zoning can be considered a solution to these problems relative to land use issues. Zoning is essentially an extension of political control over the development process within communities. Political controls over land use manifested through zoning laws are in place in every province of Canada and, in many cases, rationalized through environmental reasons or, conversely, are used to indicate that public utilities or services do not have the ability to service additional development in a given area."
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The State of New York v. Olive Oyl, 2008.
A discussion of New York penal code on homicide using the fictional character Olive Oyl.
1,443 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the most serious offense that the fictional character, Olive Oyl, may be exposed to in a trial for homicide. It first examines the applicable classifications used by the New York Penal Code for homicide. The facts are then applied to the code to determine which would be appropriate for a jury to be the finder of fact and the resultant crimes are ranked by seriousness. Olive Oyl's claim of justification is also contrasted to the justification in the case of Bernard Goetz, the "subway vigilante". Finally, the paper draws a conclusion regarding the availability of the justification defense for her actions.
Outline:
Abstract
Part 1. The Most Serious Crime
Part 2. - The Availability of the Justification Defense
From the Paper
"The facts clearly state that Olive Oyl was acting in desperation to defend Popeye, the question is what are the facts surrounding this use and if the use of the justification defense is allowed under 39.15 of the Penal Code (McKinney). The justification defense is an affirmative defense to the commission of the underlying crime. It gives a legal excuse to commit a crime. The burden of proof lies with the defendant. In the case here, one has to make the assumption that Olive Oyl is guilty of homicide in one degree or another. She is making the argument that the crime for which she is guilty, hitting Bluto in the head and causing his death, was justified by the circumstances. "
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John Gotti, 2008.
A description of the life of crime of John Gotti and his connection to the Gambino crime family.
2,254 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and activities of John Gotti. It describes his background as a child and then looks at how he became involved in a life of crime. The paper discusses Gotti's connection to the Gambino crime family and the criminal activities that he performed for them. It also describes the sentences that he served for his various acts of crime up until his death in prison.
From the Paper
"FBI cameras captured it all, from a surveillance post, near his headquarters in Little Italy. Before long, prosecutors were ready to file a new racketeering indictment ("Thug in a Great-Looking Suit, 2002") Determined not to fail a fourth time, Gotti's prosecutors presented a colossal amount of evidence, including six hours of FBI tapes surreptitiously recorded in Gotti's hideaways. They called 38 witnesses, including Gotti's No. 2 man, one of the highest-ranking turncoats in organized crime. (Goodstein, 1992) Wiretaps of Gotti's phone produced compelling evidence against several defendants. (Dunder) The final blow was dealt by his one-time good friend Sammy Gravano. Gravano had decided to flip, becoming the star witness against John Gotti, alter to slip into FBI witness protection program. (Dunder) Gotti, who had proven untouchable in prior trials, faced the testimony of Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano, second in command in the Gambino organization, "translated" the mob lingo for the prosecution. ("Thug in a Great-Looking Suit, 2002")"
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The Legalization of Prostitution, 2006.
An examination of the legalization of prostitution as a positive step towards protecting the safety and dignity of sex-trade workers.
1,629 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the positive effects that legalization of prostitution would have not only on the people involved in this industry, but on society as a whole. The writer discusses a recent study that focuses chiefly upon the impact of legalized brothels in Nevada. The writer further explains how, based on this study, legalization will reduce the spread of sexually-transmitted disease, cut down on violence against sex-trade workers, and discourage the upsetting of public order. The writer concludes that while there is an understandable public aversion to legalizing prostitution, the benefits to women engaged in this industry makes legalization something law-makers should seriously consider.
From the Paper
"One of the first things which becomes apparent with regards to the legalization of prostitution is that several of the rationales which have historically been brought forward in defense of keeping it illegal - reducing the threat of sexually-transmitted diseases, discouraging "violence" against community order, and thwarting inter-personal violence against women who happen to be sex-trade workers - are actually better-served by legalization. For example, a recent study - focusing chiefly upon the impact of legalized brothels in Nevada - reveals that a compelling case can be put forward that legalization of prostitution brings with it a level of public scrutiny and observation, a measure of official regulation, and sufficient "bureaucratization" that the forms of violence detailed above are actually reduced (Brents, 270 and 280-295)."
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Expiration of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing, 2008.
An analysis of the implications of the expiration of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC).
2,381 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the expiration of the Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC). The paper contends that the expiration freed the trade of textile and clothing of the quotas that had previously bound it. It discusses the history of the ATC and the implications of its expiration on the textile industry. The paper particularly focuses on the implications for China of the expiration of the ATC. The paper includes original source material at the end.
From the Paper
"In the final analysis, the termination of Agreement on Textile and Clothing will definitely produce a more volatile and competitive global market for textile and clothing manufacturers. The likeliest winners over the coming years will be countries whose textile and clothing industries have sharpened their competitive edge by adopting the latest technology, and which will most effectively interpret the rapidly changing trade patterns generated by the expiration of the ATC."
"Unless they immediately take steps to provide assistance to their clothing and textile industries so they can become more efficient and competitive, other textile and clothing exporting countries may only experience marginal benefits. The countries that will face the greatest challenges will be those that are unable to use up their full quotas, while countries not currently subject to restrictions on import markets will also have to prepare themselves for increased competition from countries whose exports are currently
restrained."
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| Term Paper # 101003 |
temporarily unavailable
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The NSA Wiretap Program, 2008.
This paper explores whether the National Security Agency wiretap program is constitutional.
776 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States government, through the National Security Agency, has monitored international cellphone calls without a search warrant. The paper looks at the Bush administration's arguments in support of this program vs. a federal court ruling that that the wiretap program is unconstitutional. The paper concludes that the Administration's belief in the President's inherent powers contradicts the Constitution.
From the Paper
"In conjunction with the appearance before the Senate Judiciary Committee of Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez, the Administration issued a 42-page defense of the program, "Legal Authorities Supporting the Activities of the National Security Agency Described by the President" ["Legal Authorities"]. This paper makes four arguments in support of this program: (1) inherent presidential power; (2) the resolution calling for use of military force; (3) consistency with the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act; and (4) consistency with the Constitution."
"The Administration contends that the President has inherent powers which he can use without specific congressional sanction to protect the United States. In support of this claim, the Legal Authorities cites The Federalist Papers, No. 23 and No. 41, in which Hamilton and Madison argued that the President, holding the entire executive power of the nation, may act to protect the United States. ("Legal Authorities" 6-10)"
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Censorship of High School Newspapers, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of censorship as it relates to newspapers and reporting within high schools.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that censorship in the United States has always been a controversial issue in journalism, television and print media. However, the writer points out, the past two decades have witnessed the growing concern of censorship at the high school level. The writer discusses that journalistic censorship in high school, in many states, has been supported by the Supreme Court, stating that educational institutions are accountable for the information released to the students. The writer maintains that the main issue is the importance of maintaining constitutionality and upholding the right to speak freely about social issues that impact everyone, adults and teenagers alike. The writer concludes that in many cases, allowing high school newspapers to report on issues that impact the young community can increase awareness on the general health of the student body. Further, the writer maintains that while educators feel morally responsible and accountable for the information that students retain, it is their duty to be facilitators of education, rather than editors of information.
From the Paper
"The constitution clearly states, as amended, that minors and adults alike are not to be subject to restriction of the Bill of Rights. Quite simply, censoring one type of journalistic media without monitoring another is a blatant double standard that does ignores the Supreme Courts ruling of the 1969 amendment. While educators argue that high school newspapers are part of the school curriculum and should be monitored and censored, reports indicate that the concepts of journalism taught in the classroom are not related to the real life issues that occur in the community. Controlling a newspaper's content also causes into the question the violation of constitutional liberties, and the notion that a high school newspaper's content is taught as part of a school's curriculum is off-base. Educational institutions are responsible for providing students with the necessary knowledge of fundamentals on a variety of topics. However, the Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeirer clearly shows an attempt to trump the ideas resulting from the application of journalism fundamentals."
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