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Racism in the United States and Europe, 2008.
An analysis of racism in the United States and Europe and the legislation that is introduced in an effort to control it.
1,506 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the similarities and differences between cultural racism in the United States and Europe. It discusses the strength of racism in both regions and the fact that in many cases it seems to be on the rise. The paper then looks at current efforts to control racism through legislation, but suggests that this will be ineffectual when there is a base cultural support for racisim.
From the Paper
"With such vigilance and fervor against racism, one must ask why it not only persists but seems to be thriving in Europe. In the United States, First Amendment protections allow citizens to organize and talk about nearly anything they'd like, including racist ideology. Combined with tensions over immigration, fear of people of Middle Eastern descent, and a standing racism with African Americans, it is little wonder that the United States not only has a history of racism but also a strong culture of racism. In Europe, however, many believe that legal prohibitions against racism and hate speech should be enough to protect ethnic minorities from racism and create a more egalitarian society. Unfortunately, Europe's record on racism is no better than the United States' (Kudnani, 1998). Tensions over immigration, rising populism, and antagonism toward Jews and Arabs all feed into a healthy subculture of racism. The conclusion we must draw from this is that racism cannot be dealt with on a political or legal level, but must be examined on a cultural level. Racism is rooted in a desire to protect members of one's own culture from outside threats. That this desire to protect manifests as racism is an unfortunate result."
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Prison Rape in the U.S., 2008.
This paper provides a perspective of rape in correctional institutions in the United States.
1,552 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the extent of rapes within the U.S. prison system, with some especial attention being given to the phenomenon of gang rapes. The writer notes that understanding the extent of the problem as well as the major associated risks is an important first step in formulating some procedures by which the number of rapes within corrections institutions can be significantly reduced. The writer points out that it is important to first note that eliminating the rape of prisoners will not come easily. In fact, it is unlikely that the problem will ever be completely eradicated. Nonetheless, the writer maintains that outlining a path that corrections institutions can take in the short-term and the long-term is crucial if any headway is going to be made against the problem.
From the Paper
"Attitudes regarding prison rape in the United States, unfortunately, are not conducive to reducing the incidence of prison rape. The public view the rape of men in prisons as a joke. Gags about dropping the soap in a prison shower are common and only reinforce the assumption that the rape of prisoners, at least men, is acceptable. Many have the attitude that prisoners somehow deserve what they get--after all, they did commit a crime and aren't in prison because they are fully innocent. Additionally, a culture of machismo in the United States contributes to the attitude that men who are raped aren't really men because they weren't able to fend off their attacker. Unfortunately for prisoners, these assumptions and attitudes only increase the possibility that they will have to face sexual assault without any social or institutional recourse. The fact is that victims of prison rape are rarely able to defend themselves, especially in cases of gang rape, when attackers are more numerous and are only too willing to resort to physical violence-even murder-to get what they want."
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Religious Discrimination in Schools, 2008.
This paper explores religious discrimination, with a focus on public schools.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the lack of progress in preventing religious discrimination in schools or throughout the social order. The paper explains that this is because there is a subjective attitude regarding what can be classified as religious discrimination; even in the United States House of Representatives some believe that certain forms of religious discrimination are acceptable, while the highest court demands that the separation of church and state be universal law. The paper shows how the methods of limiting such discrimination are few and ineffective, preventing deterrence from discrimination on a large scale.
From the Paper
"Discrimination has been an issue that has existed since the beginning of society in the United States in one form or another. Racial discrimination and discrimination based on gender have been the most discussed forms of discriminatory practices since the Civil Rights movement of the 1960s. Religious discrimination has also been of primary concern throughout society, especially in relation to those of religious faiths other than Christianity. This is perhaps because the founders of the nation supported this religious philosophy and the bulk of Americans have continued to practice the Christian faith as well. Yet, the founding fathers believed that public education was not the place in which religion should guide instruction. This was perhaps because education, as an unwritten rule, requires that the student's mind be open to new ideas and concepts that may be different than his or her social norms. Therefore, the separation of church and state became a guiding principle in the public school system."
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Food Safety and Sanitation, 2008.
An analysis of food safety and sanitation requirements to prevent food and waterborne illness.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of food safety. It analyzes issues related to food safety, such as spoilage, food-borne pathogens and the microbiological quality of food. It then discusses sanitation regulations and standards with regards to food handling. The paper also looks at the two increasing trends of people desiring healthier nutrition and increasing global imports of produce and the effects these have on the potential for food and waterborne illness to expand.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Food Safety
Sanitation
Solutions and Conclusions
From the Paper
"More importantly, interviews with sorters and packers later revealed that the tomatoes had not been washed at any site. The evidence indicated that the tomatoes were contaminated at a terminal distribution site instead of a more central site of production, processing, or distribution. Currently, new contributing factors are aggravating the issue of food safety. Among these factors are changes in food consumption and cooking practices; increased restaurant dining; diminished consumer immunity; increased time between production and consumption; government and food industry negligence; and poor management (Griffith, 2006). Adding to the problem are new strains of pathogens. Meanwhile, other trends are counteracting those factors. According to West (2006), a major advance for the food sector is that concepts such as hazard analysis and critical control point for food safety are currently aspects of management systems."
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Recidivism and Corrections, 2008.
This paper discusses recidivism and the correction system in the United States.
1,167 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer reviews the high recidivism rates in the United States and looks at what this says about the nations' correctional system. Specifically, the paper argues that the emphasis has too often been upon punishment and not nearly enough upon rehabilitation and re-integration. As a result, the writer maintains that a distressingly low number of inmates are receiving the therapeutic intervention they need and many more are not receiving the skills development they need, either. This must change if recidivism is to drop appreciably.
From the Paper
"Recidivism among those exiting the United States correctional system is a serious problem for a host of reasons. For one thing, if the state has devoted billions of dollars towards cutting down crime rates by incarcerating dangerous offenders only to have those same individuals re-offend upon release, then the monies set towards housing them in institutions has been, for all intents and purposes, wasted. Furthermore, high recidivism rates (especially among violent offenders) means greater risk for the general public and that means fear, general misunderstanding, and an overwhelmingly negative public perception of the correctional system in the United States. Unfortunately, public fears about the relative inefficacy of the correctional system appear to be well-founded in America."
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Reconsideration of Abortion Laws, 2008.
An analysis of the problems with the current abortion laws in the United States and an argument in favor of their reconsideration.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the current abortion laws in the United States. It argues that the laws governing abortion need to be tightened considerably. Specifically, the paper argues that rampant abortion in the United States (and throughout the western world) is taking place at a time when more young Americans are needed, not fewer, and where the country is already facing a critical lack of human resources in many areas. It also looks at the potential physical and psychological problems for women who undergo abortions.
From the Paper
"Lastly, there are the physical and psychological effects of abortion. Most notably, there is the definitive risk that an abortion can leave a woman sterile or with other health maladies - especially in nations where medical expertise lag behind the demand for the service (Davanzo & Grammich, 27-28). Suffice it to say, a woman who is rendered sterile in this manner can become deeply depressed (particularly if she is young and childless) and mental illness can follow. As well, it is intuitive to suggest that young women who find themselves inadvertently pregnant and who seek out an abortion may have deep-seated pangs of regret later in life. As a result, American law should - in addition to either restricting or banning outright late-term abortions in all American jurisdictions - pass measures requiring psychological and medical consultations (in addition to spousal and parental notifications) before such a dramatic procedure is undertaken."
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Fair Labor Standards Act, 2008.
A brief overview of the consequences of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how one of the most important laws concerning child labor was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. It looks at how with its provisions imposing severe civil and criminal penalties and allowing for confiscation of good made with child labor, the Fair Labor Standards Act forced employers to stop using children in thousands of jobs. With remarkable success, the law simply outlawed child labor.
From the Paper
"Among the social reform advocates of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, no issue roused more determined calls for action than child labor. Florence Kelly of Hull House was among the first to report on the matter, but soon there were numerous rigorously researched reports, telling of children underpaid, overworked, uneducated, and profoundly unhappy with their lot. While many of the working children were in agriculture, the worst conditions were in manufacturing, whether in southern textile mills, northern canneries, urban tenements, or mountain coal mines. "
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Is Racial Profiling Legal?, 2008.
This paper explores the unresolved issue of racial profiling in the interests of public safety.
3,570 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the balancing of the due process and equal protection guarantees contained in the 4th and 14th Amendments to the Constitution. The paper studies the conviction of a small time drug dealer and describes his appeal that he was a victim of racial profiling. The paper uses this to show how the balancing of civil liberties and public safety is a tough question for the courts.
From the Paper
"Racial profiling is a rallying cry of those that feel they were unjustly stopped by the authorities. It was prevalent during the "War on Drugs" of the 1980's and 1990's, and now it is surfacing in the new conflict of the 21st Century, the "War on Terror". But, the real issues in Criminal Justice are searches, seizures, and admission of evidence to obtain convictions. The attacks of September 11th brought terror to the forefront, but the United States was attacked prior to 9/11, and many other attempts were thwarted. The question is; how to we protect ourselves in a free society? The public is protecting against unreasonable search and seizure by Federal Government by the 4th Amendment and from State and Local governments via the doctrine of "selective incorporation" of the 14th Amendment. (Black 1979)"
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An Elected Judiciary, 2008.
This paper explores the ethical issues involved in having elected versus unelected judiciaries and having a mandatory retirement age.
848 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper reviews the ethical advantages and disadvantages of the practice of electing justices to the Supreme Court of Virginia, or of any American state. The paper considers the argument most commonly put forward by opponents of elected judiciaries but maintains that this argument is not as strong as its supporters might wish. The paper also looks at the ethical benefits to be found in having mandatory retirement ages imposed upon all presiding justices.
From the Paper
"The distinguished career of Harry L. Carrico immediately brings to the forefront the issue of what ethical advantages may be found in having a mandatory retirement age in place for justices. Because Justice Carrico and his colleagues have all been elected to the Supreme Court of Virginia (after having been nominated by the Governor, of course) it may be said that their tenure is characterized by a democratic strain that is not to be found in other western democracies (such as Canada) where jurists are selected to appellate courts (most notably the Supreme Court of Canada) and do not have to go through the rigorous process of winning confirmation in both houses of a bicameral legislature. While the American (and Virginian) model may strike some foreigners as dangerously permissive (placing as it does great power in an elected body to determine the composition of a court when such a state of affairs can easily lead to politics being injected into the proceedings) it does have many advantages."
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British Criminal Law, 2008.
This paper explores the debate over subjectivism vs. objectivism in the United Kingdom's legal conceptions of criminal culpability.
2,178 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper offers definitions of both objectivism and subjectivism. The paper examines the highly controversial Caldwell case of the early 1980s that can be seen as a prime example of what pulls the British judiciary in competing directions. The paper also looks at the legal concept of "impossible attempts" and its relationship to both subjectivism and objectivism. The paper then shows how the area of the criminal law dealing with physical assault and battery is a good example of how subjectivism and objectivism continue to grapple over legal terrain. The paper concludes that neither approach is entirely without shortcomings, but each approach is certain to gain ascendancy at different times in the future.
From the Paper
"It is generally true that drawing a distinction between the "subjective" and the "objective" is not a particularly easy matter. For example, if the law courts attempt to justify an ascription of recklessness by arguing that someone did not notice an "obvious" risk chiefly because they did not care about that risk and what it might mean for others - a "subjective" position British courts have taken in the past - then they are obviously applying some kind of normative (objective) standard to the matter. Of course, the confusion about what is really subjectivism and what is really objectivism cries out for a definition of both. To wit, subjectivism - broadly stated - believes that "action-ascriptions" which generate criminal liability should be determined solely by looking at what the individual's intentions and beliefs were at the time of the offense. On the other hand, the objectivist camp believes that someone's actual intentions are irrelevant to whether or not they are criminally liable: instead, proponents of objectivism cleave to the view that what actually occurred trumps any intentions or non-intentions the perpetrator might have had."
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Subjectivism and Objectivism in Criminal Liability, 2008.
An analysis of how subjectivism and objectivism applies to various criminal cases.
1,802 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the philosophies of subjectivism and objectivism as they apply to criminal liability. It begins by defining each philosophy. It then presents examples of past cases and discusses how subjectivism or objectivism applies to them. The paper also looks at the history of British common law and how subjectivism and objectivism came into play in determining guilt or innocence.
From the Paper
"The objective standard is now changing to the subjective. In the case of B. v. the Director of Public Prosecutions (2000) 1 All ER 833, is a recent example of the shift. In B. the defendant is 15 year old boy accused of incitement of a child under 14 to gross indecency. The young man was sitting on a bus next to a 13 year old girl, he repeatedly requested that she perform sexual acts with him, and she refused all of his advances. The original intent of the legislation would make this a strict liability crime, where the mere commission of the offense would incur criminal liability, actus reus. Using the previous standard for specific intent crimes established in Morgan, a reasonable standard would be applied to determine criminal liability of the boy. With the decision in B. the court now has established an objective standard. Lord Steyn in his opinion stated, "There has been a general shift in from objectivism to subjectivism in the branch of the law."
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The British Constitution, 2008.
This paper explores the separation of powers within the "unwritten" British constitution.
2,018 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper studies the separation of powers and the common law of the United Kingdom by looking at the rule of law as articulated in British case law and by discussing the division of rights and responsibilities between the legislative branch of government, the judicial branch of government and the executive branch of government. The paper then explores the broad concept of parliamentary supremacy. The paper shows clearly how a separation of powers exists within the British constitution.
From the Paper
"As mentioned above, the government of the United Kingdom is constrained by the fact that it must rely upon the will of Parliament for the passage of its legislative agenda and that all of it's (and, by extension, Parliament's) legislation and activity must conform to the dictates set forth by judicial review. Furthermore, the government does not have wide discretionary powers: the informal constitution of the United Kingdom, since at least Entick v. Carrington (1765) has often (but not always) made it clear that governments cannot do various things - like search peoples' homes - if there is no law authorizing such activity. The common law uncertainty indicated in the last sentence deserves some elaboration; to wit, the courts have sometimes been unenthusiastic about being called upon to keep the government within its legal bounds. A good example of this is Malone v. Metropolitan Police Commissioner (1979) where it was decided that wire-tapping was permissible in one instance even though no law existed authorizing wire-tapping."
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