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Credibility of Eyewitness Testimony, 2008.
A discussion of the reliability of eyewitness testimonies in the conviction of criminals.
2,410 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews research into eyewitness identification credibility. It points out that, with the advent of DNA testing, many innocent people that were convicted primarily on eyewitness testimonies, have been exonerated of their crimes. The paper also adds that the courts are very suspect of expert testimonies by psychologists, and precedent is strongly in favor of limiting this type of testimony. The courts are in favor of letting the jury determine the accuracy of witnesses, not having psychologists testify as to their believability. The paper concludes that though there is research on both sides of the issue, there is clearly a need for additional research.
From the Paper
"The research conducted by Ebbensen and Konecni go directly to these most vital aspects of the criminal justice system in the paper entitled "Eyewitness Memory Research: Probative v. Prejudicial Value". The conflict between psychology and the legal system appears at an impasse. The legal system thrives on eyewitness or first hand knowledge of events, it is at its very Constitutional foundation. Psychologists have made numerous scientific inquiries into the fundamental unreliability of memory and how memories can be tainted by prior events and by subsequent events. Memories fade, but nobody is sure how fast this occurs, and if there is a practical way to measure it. The legal system depends on facts presented to juries to arrive at justice, psychologists have generated numerous studies to present the facts of human memory, yet the courts rarely allow this testimony into the courtroom. In the Libby case, the core of the case was the reliability of Libby's memory when recounting events to federal investigators. Libby was accused of lying to the federal investigators, and was prepared to offer scientific evidence of his poor memory. The judge in the case excluded the testimony, again citing the Daubert rule, not wanting a psychologist to tell the jury how to rule on the guilt or innocence of Libby (Erickson, 2007, n.p.)."
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Bush's Power and Non-Binding Resolutions, 2008.
A passionate discussion regarding non-binding resolution issues in light of the troop surge in Iraq.
3,143 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
The paper asserts that representative democracy in the United States has been seriously undermined by a President who violates the Constitution and federal laws whenever he feels like it. The paper discusses the non-binding resolution against the troop surge passed by the House of Representatives that had no chance of preventing the surge. The paper argues that unless the current president is impeached and removed from office by the Senate, no other resolution or bill passed by Congress will prevent him from implementing any policy he chooses.
From the Paper
"The non-binding resolution passed by the House on February 16 did not prevent the troop surge, and if the past seven years are any indication, no other resolution or bill passed by Congress will prevent the current president from implementing any policy he chooses, for he has and will continue to invoke what he calls "unitary executive" powers in order to authorize and justify his actions. At some point, Democrats in Congress may finally figure out that Impeaching this president is the only way to restore responsibility to the White House, will do so, and will call upon the Senate to convict him for multiple Impeachable offenses."
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American Presidency and Political Time, 2008.
An analysis of Stephen Skowronek's theory of presidential leadership and political time in his book "The Politics Presidents Make", applied to the Bush administration's handling of the war in Iraq.
3,330 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the concept of presidential leadership and the theory of political time delineated in Stephen Skowronek's "The Politics Presidents Make". The idea of political time means first that the given president is situated at different points in the life-cycle of a given political regime and, second, that presidents stand in different relation to the dominant political regime and its "regime party." The paper also focuses on what Skowronek calls "orthodox-innovators", or leaders whose actions are strongly influenced by the ulterior motives of his regime. The paper considers how this applies to the current war in Iraq and to the actions of George W. Bush in taking the U.S. into that war. It concludes that this issue has been much argued since the start of that war and will continue to be discussed far into the future, not simply until the war ends but long after as historians and others seek to understand the rationale for this war.
Outline:
Introduction
Political Time
Political Regime
The Orthodox-Innovator
Iraq
From the Paper
"Skowronek identifies the orthodox-innovator as a "faithful son," meaning not a son of a political leader but a son of a political party, movement, or regime that shapes the faithful son's political leanings and career. These are also the presidents who are associated with "a resilient set of governmental commitments" (Skowronek 41). The presidents considered here all fit the mold, meaning James Monroe, James K. Polk, Theodore Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, George H.W. Bush, and George W. Bush. All emerged from a political tradition they could be expected to support and yet that they in part denied as they pursued their little wars, often in order to assert American power not just to other countries but domestically as well, supposedly correcting earlier failures to do so and thus affirming the strengths their followers want supported, or doing so to counter charges by the opposition of weakness. It is considered less surprising when a Republican president affirms American power by engaging in a military action, for instance, while a Democratic president might do so just to show that the view that Democratic leaders are not able to handle the need for a military response."
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The 'Three Strikes' Law in the United States - a Critique, 2008.
This paper describes and discusses the "Three Strikes" law adopted in the United States.
3,278 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the Three Strikes Law introduced in the USA as an effort to 'get tough' on crime. Over the years, it was seen that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as other states continued to follow the example set by California. The author intended that this paper would express the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence but in fact he has revealed less reported and important surrounding matters.
Outline:
Introduction
The Failure of Three Strikes Law
Kinds of Crime - the Crack Revolution
Alleged Alternatives
Laws as Seen by Offenders
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
" Approaches to 'getting tough' on crime in the United States of the 1990s showed commitment to what seems deterrence, as in the Three Strikes effort permitting tough sentences for repeat offenders. Over years, it was see that the law had no impact on crime rates or the nature of offenses as states continued to follow the example of California in 1994, towards varied crime statistics verifying, yet again, the ineffectiveness of deterrence models. What is absent from this kind of research is exploration of what Three Strike laws have been intended to achieve. One grows used to material empathizing with offenders affected by the law who serve inordinately long sentences for perhaps minor crimes. (See Abramsky 2002, Cole 1999) What tends to be missing concerns why this legislation was passed and the groups that favoured it. The message handed down by the Three Strikes law was one of society's non-tolerance for crime whereas the criminological message can fail to understand that criminality is opposed from within affected areas apt to support draconian legislation towards incarceration. What began as a paper expressing the flimsiness of a law seeming rooted in deterrence soon revealed less reported and important surrounding matters."
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U.S. Military Tribunals, 2008.
This paper explores the justice of military tribunals in post-9/11 America.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that military tribunals are necessary and perfectly acceptable in post-9/11 America because there are constitutional and legislative precedents which allow for them. The paper asserts that as long as the President follows basic international laws vis-a-vis the treatment of prisoners who are detained and brought before American military tribunals, he is under no obligation to grant them the same constitutional rights and protections American citizens would enjoy in a civilian court-room.
From the Paper
"Of course, critics of the existing military tribunals are legion - not least of all because the tribunals have in place laws that seem diametrically opposed to the procedural (even substantive) laws that have under-girded Anglo-American law for centuries. When the Bush Administration first set forth its guidelines for military tribunals near the end of 2001, the public outcry was considerable for the simple reason that the new measures seemed remarkably free of any rules at all. For instance, the Bush policy precluded any review of tribunal decisions by an independent court; as well, the rules of evidence were such that any material submitted for the tribunal's consideration was admissible just so long as it had "probative value to a reasonable person" (Knowland, para.8). Going further, convictions and sentencing required only a two-thirds vote and not unanimity."
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National Security Strategy, 2008.
An analysis of the US National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68).
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on analyzing a particular aspect of the National Security Strategy, that is, NSS-2002. It uses the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) as a reference point to understand the difference in the perceptions of threat facing the United States and the difference between the two policies. The connection between the two policies highlights some political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the policy. Overall, it is clear that US foreign policy is reactive rather than preventative, since both NSS-2002 and NSC-68 were devised to counter, rather than to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the United States. The paper concludes that even domestic policies necessarily affect global economy, due to the integration of societies, thus careful consideration of foreign policy on use of power is imperative.
Outline:
Introduction
National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and NSC-68: A Critical Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What are the similarities and differences between the NSS-2002 and the NSC-68? There is the common misconception that the NSS-2002 is simple about combating terrorism. As can be clearly seen from the eight principles outlines, the NSS-2002 surpasses combating terrorism, but has an overarching aim of promoting free trade and combating all aspects of terrorism. It is necessary to distinguish between state-sponsored and non-state sponsored terrorism, so as to understand how the NSS-2002 integrates all aspects of threats irrespective or origin and devises mechanisms to combat these issues."
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School Prayer and the Constitution, 2008.
This paper examines the state board of education's "Moral and Spiritual Training" curriculum.
1,014 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the "Moral and Spiritual Training" school program proscribed by the state board of education, to determine whether it violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The paper examines three prior decisions by the Supreme Court and contrasts these decisions to the present facts.
From the Paper
"Rarely is there a clearer statement of intent and direction than in the establishment clause of the First Amendment, which states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. . ." (Constitution, 1999, First Amendment). The first clause of the First Amendment, also known as the "establishment clause," is often interpreted as prohibiting the federal government from setting up a church, passing laws that aid one or all religions, or forcing acceptance or disbelief in a religion (Black, 1979, p. 490)."
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Conceptual Dilemmas and the Law, 2008.
This paper discuses the concept of coneptual dilemmas and applies this to Canadian legal cases involving feminist equality arguments.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, when feminist legal theorists and advocates expose the assumptions underlying dilemmas, which are inherent in the concepts of equality and discrimination, it is possible to reconsider and reinterpret relationships and patterns of power that impact on the consequences of difference. The paper then outlines these assumptions along with the counter-assumptions that have been formulated by feminist legal theorists. The paper stresses that all of the assumptions are present in the "Little Sisters" case in which it was decided that gay and lesbian pornography poses a threat to sex equality.
From the Paper
"Equality rights under the Charter have caused dilemmas additional problems beyond the issues that were to be resolved. While the Charter in combination with legislation is designed to protect women and children from sexual violence and victimization, the defendant is actually the individual who receives protection. Once again, the male norm becomes predominant so that, as feminists point out, the state participates in the male control of female sexuality. To overcome the equality problem and the issue of intrinsic differences, feminists fought for legislation using new terms such as 'gender neutral assault'."
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Gun Control, 2008.
A look at the social issue of gun control in the USA.
1,053 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the power and control possession of a gun can give a person and how, although guns or weapons might have been necessary in the past for self defense, today the need for guns cannot be supported by such antiquated circumstances. The author maintains that as long as the philosophy of owning a gun equals power, guns will be a negative inclusion in the social order and one that must be controlled in order to protect every person effectively.
From the Paper
"In Roald Dahl's story "The Swan" the characters of Ernie and Raymond are consumed by the power that they believe a .22 caliber rifle allows them to have. Consequently, the characters loose any sense of the reality that exists around them or the consequences of their actions and they begin to kill any animals that they come into contact with. Additionally, the possession of the gun by Ernie and Raymond suggests to them that they have control over other human beings, which is demonstrated through their torture and attempted murder of Peter (Dahl). While there are those within the social order that suggest that instances such as those described in Dahl's story are rare, the fact is that if there is a tool available to the masses that creates this type of situation for anyone, that tool must be controlled as a means of preventing the innocent from being devastated by the negative outcomes that are possible.
"Wilbur Edel states that the intention of the framers of the Constitution believed that guns were essential to an individual's right to protect his life and property at a time when uncertainty about society was everywhere (69). According to Edel, Thomas Jefferson believed that the gun was a friend to those in society because by carrying it people could "stand tall" with the ability to defend themselves (69). This philosophy provides a basis for the ideology related to guns that exists in society, especially the belief that guns provide power. It should be noted, however, that in Jefferson's time societal philosophies were also connected to honor, virtue and a people that were just beginning to establish them selves as a nation. People hunted for food, explored parts of the country that had not been known and protected themselves against free roaming creatures that would otherwise prevent their existence. When a gun was used as a means of defense against other human beings there was a sense of ethics connected to discharging a firearm, which led most people to refrain from doing so unless there was imminent threat to life because there was no desire to kill the innocent. Therefore, gun use was not as much about power as it was about living and continuing to seek dreams that were connected to the founding of a new civilization."
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Constitutional Violation in Law Enforcement, 2008.
This paper discuses the 4th, 5th, and 6th Amendments to the U.S. Constitution in relationship to law enforcement.
1,745 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the difference between Constitutional prohibitions and the rights of the citizens. The author points out that all rights belong to the individual, and are delegated to the government by the citizens. The paper relates that the Bill of Rights is not a list of the rights of the citizens but rather prohibitions against the government from taking specific rights away from them. The author states that the 4th Amendment contains restrictions in the use of searches and seizures by law enforcement; the most common violation of this amendment is searching individuals without having a search warrant. The paper tells that a part of the 5th Amendment prohibits self-incrimination as discussed in the case of "Spano v. New York'". The author underscores that the 6th Amendment provides the right to counsel, which is the core argument in the case of "United States v. Wade".
From the Paper
"The victim left the bar, and suspect walked back to his apartment and got his gun. It was then that the suspect went to a local candy store where the victim was known to frequent, that he shot the victim five times. The only witness was a young boy. A week later a grand jury issued a warrant to arrest Spano for the murder of the victim. Two days later Spano surrender himself to the police, and was accompanied by his attorney. The attorney instructed Spano not to answer any of the questions outside his presence. It is after Spano's attorney left when the case takes on the typical television police drama plot."
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Licensing and Education of Nurses, 2008.
An analysis of the issues that Senate Bill 2529 is intended to address with regards to the licensing and education of nurses within the New Jersey State health care system.
1,525 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses Senate Bill 2529 which focuses on the licensing and education of nurses within the New Jersey State's health care system. It begins with an address to senators regarding the Bill and then provides a statement discussing the necessity of the Bill. It further describes the issues that Senate Bill 2529 is intended to address.
Table of Contents:
Address to Senators
Statement
From the Paper
"The fact is that within that new health care system we are still impacted by issues of nursing migration, nursing retirement and globalization that will not cease to affect the process of nursing or the delivery of care without policies that are intended to provide positive results. One such policy is Senate Bill 2529 that gives us the opportunity at this time to mold our nursing professionals through education and not only ensure that they have the ability of universally achieving goals in health care delivery, but that they are the most knowledgeable and skilled nurses throughout the world."
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The Most Dominating Aspect of Family Law, 2008.
This paper looks at the most prominent and important aspect of family law and concentrates on the domestic realm.
1,314 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer expands on the belief that the most dominating aspect of family law is that it pertains to the domestic sphere. Further, the writer examines the repercussions of this domestic aspect of family law. The writer notes that one can see that the dominant aspect of Canadian family law with regard to both divorce and common law couples has changed. Moreover, this was also the dominant aspect with regard to the very nature of families, in that same-sex relationships have been legitimized to the full extent of the law. The writer points out that the last-mentioned change is certainly the most dramatic, setting Canada ahead of social trends in most countries, and illustrating perhaps most clearly of all how much Canadian family law has changed.
From the Paper
"Another aspect of family law that has been dominated by change has been the important sphere of divorce law. Boyd points out that at the beginning of the 20th century, people rarely divorced. However, a century later, divorce has become common-place. In fact, in many Canadian class rooms, there are more children from "broken" families than from intact families. As the century progressed, people became more willing to break their marriage vows and start over. Also, as divorce become more and more commonplace, people began to feel less guilt and failure about getting a divorce. Moreover, it is now a more secular time, and many people simply do not take their church vows as seriously. Canadian family law seems to have recognized this softening of social attitudes towards divorce, because it has made a series of changes to divorce law. Perhaps the most salient change has been that it has become much easier to obtain a divorce, particularly with the introduction of the concept of so-called "no-fault" divorce."
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