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Why Ratify the Constitution?, 2008.
This paper looks at James Madison's beliefs regarding ratification of the US Constitution and studies "The Federalist Papers: No. 10" .
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why James Madison thought it necessary to ratify the US Constitution. The writer notes that, for Madison, one of the primary reasons for Americans to ratify the Constitution was because it provided for a republican form of government. The writer explains that Madison believed that the republican form of government was better suited to control the impact of factions on the political process than a straight democracy. This was due to the fact that in an open political environment, the development of various factions was inevitable. The writer also explains that to develop a democracy that ensured the rights of the people, regardless of their individual beliefs, one had to do more than to put political power in the hands of the majority. On the contrary, one had to develop a means to give all men a voice in the government and protect all rights. The writer discusses that according to Madison, the means to do so was the republican form of government.
From the Paper
"That factions were a problem at the time the Constitution was drafted should not be surprising; although united in their goal to throw off the yoke of English oppression, the several colonies had enjoyed different types of governments, had different goals, and held different values. Therefore, a legitimate fear of these early Americans was that any national government would compromise the rights of the individual states.
"While Madison acknowledged that one might attempt to prevent the development of factions, he understood that doing so threatened the liberty of all men. "
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Refugees and Migrants, 2008.
An examination of the differences between refugees and migrants and how they the United Nations relates to them.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between refugees and migrants and looks at why these distinctions are important for political reasons. Specifically, the paper discusses trends of migrant and refugee movements over time. The paper also looks at the ways that migrants and refugees are referred to within the United Nations and the laws that relate to these two groups.
From the Paper
"It is important thus to create a set of clear procedures and screening process that would allow genuine asylum seekers to get refuge. For this reason, a distinction is sought between migrant and refugee. In quite poignant manner, the Convention states that a migrant is someone who may lose better quality of life if he is turned down, a refugee is someone who might lose his life altogether. The Convention and other UNHR handbooks offer clear guidelines on the issue of distinction between migrants and refugees. One handbook revised in 2007 makes the distinction between a migrant and a refugee in these words: "A migrant is a person who, for reasons other than those contained in the definition, voluntarily leaves his country in order to take up residence elsewhere. He may be moved by the desire for change or adventure, or by family or other reasons of a personal nature. If he is motivated exclusively by economic considerations, he is an economic migrant and not a refugee. The distinction between an economic migrant and a refugee is, however, sometimes blurred in the same way as the distinction between economic and political measures in an applicant's country of origin is not always clear.""
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John Peter Zenger, 2008.
An examination of the impact of the case against John Peter Zenger on freedom of the press in America and the U.S. Constitution.
1,395 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the case of John Peter Zenger in 1734. It briefly describes the background of Zenger and of the case that was brought against him. The paper looks at whether the jury decision produced an across-the-board new American policy of freedom of the press such as did not exist before Zenger's arrest. The paper also looks at whether the case had a meaningful effect on the U.S. Constitution.
From the Paper
"At that time in American history, there had been political satires printed often, but they were published by "imperial officials themselves," and not by writers and political opponents. But between the time of the Zenger trial and the Stamp Act, Olsen continues, several fables, satires, "parodied speeches and proclamations" appeared in pamphlets, advertisements, poets' corners and news items, "virtually all of them in opposition to established governments and imperial officials." Of all of those dozens of printed protests and attacks on the persons in elected positions, there was only one, Olsen explains, who was prosecuted for libel, but in time the charges were also dropped against him."
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Illegal Downloads, 2008.
A review of the problem of illegal downloads and the effect it has on the recording industry.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes the topic of ethics in American business. Specifically, the paper discusses who should be punished for downloading illegal music. The paper argues against the practice and contends that downloading music online is illegal unless one pays for the music. The paper also contends that "down loaders" know the act is illegal, and choose to do it anyway, making it both legally and ethically wrong. The paper further contends that illegal downloads harm record companies and recording artists and violate the intellectual property rights of the individuals who created the song. The paper concludes that stealing music is like stealing someone's special creation, it is simply wrong, ethically, morally, and legally.
From the Paper
"In addition, stealing music is a known crime, and music companies have been filing suit against people for many years, making it common knowledge that downloading music is a crime. The Minnesota trial was the first lawsuit to make it all the way to trial, however. Downloaders paying thousands of dollars in fines to recording companies have settled all the other suits. In one case, recording companies sued the parents of two under-18-year-olds, and the parents eventually settled with the record company. In this case, since the children were not of legal age, the companies went for the people who owned the computers. However, in most normal cases, these would not be the people responsible, because anyone who owns a computer knows that you cannot control family members and friends 24 hours a day, 7 days a week when they are on the computer."
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Women and the Law, 2008.
This paper discusses current attitudes and policies on gender in France and Cuba.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper explores how the French and Cuban governments have worked towards eliminating obstacles to women's opportunities. The paper shows how both nations possess a mindset in which there is no real distinction between the overall group of the nation on the one hand and the citizen on the other and both have tried to remake their societies through revolutionary changes. The paper relates that in France gender equality laws are being slowly introduced, while in Cuba, although Fidel Castro attempted to eliminate every possible trace of discrimination, the overriding emphasis on Marxist economic development has failed to create the prosperity necessary to eliminate many traditional assumptions about gender.
From the Paper
"Centuries of inequality and oppression have made many modern societies and governments acutely aware of the way laws and political and social structures govern the relations between different groups of individuals. One of the group distinctions that has received most attention in is that which is based on gender. Whether in France, or in Cuba, women have a long history of being treated as second-class citizens; denied equal opportunities in education, employment, and public life. Both the French and Cuban governments have worked toward eliminating these obstacles to women's success and happiness. Yet, they have approached the problem in notably different ways."
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| Term Paper # 108476 |
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Irrational Patient Rights, 2008.
This paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional.
1,664 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses whether a patient's irrational decision to refuse treatment is binding to a health care professional. The paper explores the arguments for and against the rights of irrational patients and brings several case studies to light. The paper reveals that the health care professional is bound to treat irrational patients who cannot be held accountable for their actions. The paper therefore shows that if there is no other family member or responsible party available, the health care professional must make some difficult and demanding choices, for if they do not, they could put themselves and their facility at risk of court action and liability.
Outline:
Introduction
Argument
Counterargument
Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Patient's rights are a critical concern in the health care profession today, and few will argue that a competent patient has the right to free will and to choose what happens to their own body. Some patients with religious convictions may choose to refuse certain treatments, such as abortion, and some patients from other cultures may refuse certain types of treatment that do not agree with their cultural beliefs. However, anyone who consciously desires treatment should be treated by the health care professional."
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Eminent Domain, 2008.
This paper provides an overview of eminent domain legislation and due compensation to property owners.
1,973 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the principle of eminent domain that variance, access and public projects for the good of the whole must take precedence over private property rights. The paper examines the US constitutional stand on eminent domain and looks at various national rulings that have taken place over the years. The paper discusses the losses often sustained by property owners and contends that municipalities, states and the federal government need to pay much more close attention to due compensation and be willing to pay a fair property value. The paper concludes with the hope that the public will become more conscious of the need to make more informed decisions about the rights of the individual.
From the Paper
"Eminent domain is one of the most controversial, yet necessary issues that communities and courts face today. Variance, access and public projects for the good of the whole must take precedence over private property rights. Yet such property rights losses as can occur though the demands of eminent domain can literally bankrupt individuals, families and businesses, with regard to loss of property value, property usage or loss of property itself."
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The Protect America Act, 2008.
This paper provides an in-depth review of the Protect America Act of 2007.
4,147 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Protect America Act of 2007, which is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). The paper looks at how the Act modernizes the FISA and then examines the rationale behind it. The paper explains how this law addresses the missing and significant gaps in the securing of intelligence surveillance information about targets in foreign lands.
Outline:
How the Act Modernizes the FISA
Rationale Behind the Modernization of FISA
Changing the Concept of Electronic Surveillance
Extending the Wiretap Law
Across-the-Board Exemption
Spur of the Moment and Secret Order
President Bush's Urges
Implications of the Act
How It All Happened
"Reasonably Believed"
For National Security and "Other" Purposes
A Lowering of Standards
How the Act Would Work to Close the Dangerous Surveillance Gap
From the Paper
"The Protect America Act of 2007 is the modernized version of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act or FISA (Department of Justice 2007, GovTrack.us 2007). Sponsored by Senator Mitch McConnell on August 1 this year, it was enacted by Congress and signed into law by President George W. Bush. The Act consists of permanent amendments to the FISA in order to keep the United States safe. It is designed to provide the intelligence community with necessary inputs about terrorists, America's enemies."
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INTEL Reform Over the Past 100 years, 2008.
An overview of the intelligence community in the USA.
2,964 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of information gathering and intelligence, and highlights the crucial points in the history of the US intelligence community, having in mind the initial goals of the system, the steps taken to increase its efficiency and new means of dealing with emerging threats. The author also explains how the recent evolution of the legal framework under which the intelligence community conducts its activities can be seen as an important step in identifying and countering the new challenges facing the United States.
From the Paper
"There has been a lot of discussion over the tradition the US has in dealing with intelligence. Unlike other nations, the history of the US Intelligence Community is considered to be of recent date. Some authors see as the early signs of a coherent intelligence apparatus to emerge following 1947. This is largely due to the specificity of the American foreign policy which had conducted a relatively isolationist external behavior. This in turn did not encourage the expansion of a professional and modern structure of data gathering and analysis. Up until then, there were particular services for espionage, especially during the war, which conducted data gathering and interpretation for different sectors of the government, such as the Army or the Navy. However, the end of the Second World War drew the United States in what would be the Cold War. In the conflict against the USSR, information on the communist enemy was deemed essential and vital for the survival and supremacy of the American democracy. In this sense, a new, coherent, and unitary structure was considered essential."
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Leopold and Loeb, 2008.
This paper looks at the part that the media played in the case of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb.
3,158 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the murder of fourteen year old Bobby Franks and the subsequent arrest and trial of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb. The writer notes that this issue was heavy on the minds of the public in 1924, as the sensationalism of this extreme case was evident even to those who were closest to it. The rest of the public, in Chicago and elsewhere, could rely heavily on exhaustive journalism to give them the information they sought about the events. The purpose of this work is to assess the similarities and differences between press accounts in Chicago and elsewhere. One would assume they all printed the facts as they knew them, but they also had varied conceptions of the trial that demonstrate regional differences in public opinion. Further, the writer points out that the argument was not over the guilt or innocence of the murderers or the base innocence of the victim, but it was over the controversial new science of psychology or as it was then known psychotherapy. The writer maintains that newspapers all over the nation, through the Leopold and Loeb case, played out the controversies of the science of the mind, while the more conservative set it aside, the urban papers detailed the science as luridly as print would allow.
From the Paper
"The controversy was replayed extensively, in all the major cities. Each journalistic report seeking information that others had not focused on, the most damning of which being the early life of the defendants, as they were described as neglected by privilege and allowed to live as if they had no responsibilities, and rarely had supervision, beyond the supervision of governesses and in Leopold's case the perverse supervision of at least one governess, who introduced lurid sexuality into his mind and life, "She entered Leopold's life when he was just fourteen. The record is rather vague as to her antecedents but clear enough as to the fact that she was a pervert, who initiated Leopold into the practices of and submissions to various types of sexual perversion." Loeb on the other had had strict governesses that created in him the desire to be secretive and deceptive to avoid censure. All of this was fodder for the press, and the urban newspapers in Chicago and New York played upon the early lives of the boys, as the "experts" findings were distributed for publishing."
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